𐰃𐰑-

In modern languages. In its standalone form, the exact Old Turkic form ıd- is not generally preserved as such in most modern Turkic languages. Instead, many modern languages show a secondary derived type meaning “to send”, formed historically from ıd- together with the auxiliary verb ber- “to give”. This iber--type form is found, with different variants, in several branches of Turkic: Turkmen i:ber-, Uzbek yubor-, Uyghur iber- / iver-, Kyrgyz jiber-, Kazakh jiber-, Karakalpak jiber-, Tatar ciber-, Bashkir yebär-, Nogai yeber-, Karaim yeber- / yibir-, and Chuvash yar-. Räsänen explains these modern forms as reflexes of older converb constructions such as *īda-bär, *īdu-bär, *īdı-bär, and idip-bär, literally based on “sending/giving” constructions that later lexicalized as new verbs meaning “to send”.

Etymology. Whether ıd- is an independent lexeme or whether it is derived from another Old Turkic verb ı- “to send; leave; abandon” has been argued. According to the traditional view of Thomsen, Clauson, Gabain, and Erdal, ıd- is treated as the basic form, and forms such as ïs(a)r are explained as reduced from ïds(a)r through assimilation. In the opposite view, associated with Ergin, Tekin, and Demirci, ıd- is derived from an older root ı- with an added -d- extension. Arguments for the latter analysis include the Orkhon form ïs(a)r, which need not be taken as an assimilated reflex of ïds(a)r; Old Uyghur ïdačï, which can be interpreted as ï-dačï rather than a form built directly on ıd-; ïgay in the Anonymous Qur’an Commentary; and a direct Kipchak example of ı- recorded in Kitābu’l-İdrāk. On this interpretation, ıd- is not the original root, but a derived stem built on older ı-.