kut originally in a rather mystical sense ‘the favour of heaven’, thence, less specifically ‘good fortune’ and the like, and thence, more generally, ‘happiness’. In KB, where it is regarded as syn. w. Ar. dawla, it came to mean, more neutrally, ‘fortune’, either good or bad. S.i.a.m.l.g., usually for ‘good fortune, happiness’, and the like, but in one or two languages, esp. in NE, it seems rather to mean ‘soul, life force’. More or less syn. w. kıv, q.v. In two late Uyğ. Civ. texts the word transcribed kut is a transcription in TT VII 42, 4 of (Ar.) quwwat ‘strength’, and in USp. 88, 24 of qut ‘food’. Türkü viii Umay teg ögüm xatu:n kutıŋa: ‘because my lady mother, who resembles (the goddess) Umay, enjoyed the favour of heaven’ I E 31; o.o. I S 9, II N 7 (üçün); II E 35 (tapla:-): viii ff. (a god speaks) kut bergey men ‘I will give you my divine favour’ IrkB 2; teŋri: kutınta: ‘by the favour of heaven’ do. 15; o.o. do. 36 (uçru:ğlu:ğ); 47: Man. (if we have bowed down to false doctrines and) kut kolu yüküntümüz ‘worshipped asking for divine favour’ Chuas. 150; o.o. do. 45-6 (kıv); M III 10, 6 (ii): Uyğ. viii ff. Man. tükel kut bulmakıŋız [bolzun] ‘may you attain complete divine favour’ M III 42, 12 (i); o.o. M II 5, 4 (ii) (bögülen-); TT III 66 (tüzgerinçsiz); in one passage kut seems to mean ‘a personification of divine favour, a benevolent spirit’, yer suv kutı irinür ot suv kutı ığlayur ı ığaç kutı ulıyur ‘the benevolent spirits of land and water are miserable, the benevolent spirits of fire and water weep, the benevolent spirits of shrubs and trees lament’ M II 12, 3-6: Chr. (let us go and worship) anıŋ uluğ kutıŋa ‘His great majesty’ U I 5, 1 (here an attribute, not a gift, of a divine personage): Bud. kut is very common, both in the sense of ‘the favour of heaven’, and in a sense of which the best equivalent is ‘majesty’; the first meaning appears in such passages as (the prince reached the island) kutı ülügi üçün ‘because he enjoyed the favour of heaven and good fortune’ PP 33, 5, and the second in kapım kutı ‘His Majesty my father’ do. 6, 4; the meaning of the common phr. burxan kutı is less obvious; it is usually translated ‘the blessed state of being a Buddha’ and in some contexts it must have that meaning, e.g. kayu kün burxan kutın bulsar ‘when (you) attain the blessed state of being a Buddha’ PP 40, 6-7, but in others it looks more like ‘the divine favour of the Buddha’; o.o. TT IV 12, 51-2 (al-); U IV 10, 51 (ço:ğ): Civ. ay teŋri battı kutuŋ üze ‘the moon has set on your good fortune’ TT I 40; a.o. do. 116 (ata:-); in the astronomical texts TT VII 4, 10, 18, etc. kut (and less often tö:z) represents ‘element’ in the sense of the five elements, fire, water, earth, metal, and wood: Xak. xi kut al-dawla wa’l-cadd ‘good fortune’ (Hend.), hence a man is called kutluğ Kaş. I 320 (verse; the basic meaning of dawla is ‘change, vicissitude’, hence ‘fortune’ and esp. ‘good fortune’); I 163 (1 uç-) and about 10 o.o. translated dawla, cadd or baxt ‘good fortune’: KB kut, which is clearly syn. w. dawlat and is often associated with it, as in the title of Chap. XX (1045 ff.) kut kıvılığı dawlat irselliki ‘the fickleness of fortune and the untrustworthiness of luck’, is very common, commonest for ‘good fortune’, but ‘majesty’ is also common; the two are combined in tirilsüni terken kutı miŋ kutun ‘may your Majesty live in all kinds of good fortune’; o.o. 109 (terken), 456, etc.: xiii(?) Tef. kut ‘good fortune’ 219: Çağ. xv ff. kut, in Mong. (sic) maymanat wa sa‘ādat ‘good fortune, happiness’ San. 283v. 20: Xwar. xiv kut ‘good fortune, happiness, majesty’ Qutb 146: Kıp. xiv kut al-yumn ‘happiness, good fortune’; hence kutlu:; also pronounced kut but kut is the original form; one of their curses is kut korsun ‘may his good fortune wither’ (yaybis); also used in the meaning ‘may his intelligence and understanding wither’ İd. 68: xv baraka ‘blessing’ kut Tuh. 7a. 6: Osm. xvi al-yumn translated kut in one dict. TTS II 670.