𐰴𐰃𐰑-
kıḏ-
Meaning:
to cut, chop (with accusative); to harm, kill, not spare (with dative)
In the inscriptions, kıd- is inferred from the negative kıdmaz. If the positive verb meant “to harm, kill, or not spare” (the “not spare” sense survives in modern Turkish kıy- and Azerbaijani qıy-), the negative would mean “did not harm or kill”, hence “spared”.
The two senses have different case frames in modern Turkish: “not spare, harm, kill” takes a dative object (birine kıymak), whereas “cut, mince” takes an accusative object (eti kıymak). In the inscription, however, the dative in bişükinkä tägi is required by tägi “as far as”.
The identification of kıd- with later kıy- “to cut” is disputed: some etymologies unite them, whereas others reconstruct a distinct *kıy-. Thus “to cut” cannot be established independently from the inscriptional occurrence.
Alternative spellings:
𐰶𐰃𐰑-
Examples
Translations
German:
schneiden, zerhacken (mit Akkusativ); verletzen, töten, nicht verschonen (mit Dativ)
Russian:
резать, рубить (с винительным дополнением); причинять вред, убивать, не щадить (с дательным дополнением)
Turkish (Azerbaijan):
kəsmək, doğramaq (təsirlik halla); qıymaq, əsirgəməmək (yönlük halla)
Turkish (Türkiye):
kesmek, ince doğramak (belirtme hâliyle); kıymak, esirgememek (yönelme hâliyle)
Bibliography 5
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Dr. Jens Wilkens (2021) Handwörterbuch des Altuigurischen | Eski Uygurcanın El Sözlüğüp. 369, entry kıdu-p. 369ap. 369, entry kıdu-
kıdu- < Mo. qidu- < Atü. kıd- vernichten || yok etmek, ortadan kaldırmak p. 369akıdu- < Mo. qidu- < Atü. kıd- vernichten || yok etmek, ortadan kaldırmak -
Marcel Erdal (2004) A Grammar of Old Turkicp. 99, note 174p. 99, note 174174 kïyï- ‘to hew, fell’ and *sezi- ‘to have a suspicion or hunch’ also become kïy- and sez- starting with Qarakhanid, and note kïyï-k ‘something cut obliquely’ and sezi-k ‘doubt’ with the suffix -(O)k.
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Sergei Starostin, Anna Dybo, Oleg Mudrak (2003) Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languagesp. 544, entry *gijop. 544, entry *gijop. 544, entry *gijo
*gijo notch, to cut aslant: Tung. *gia-; Turk. *Kɨj-; Jpn. *ki. PTung. *gia- 1 to plane, notch 2 chips, shavings (1 строгать, скоблить (кривым ножом) 2 стружки): Neg. gsadan 2; Man. ǵa- 1 (cf. also geje- to carve); Ul. G- 1; Ork. G- 1; Nan. Gịa- 1; Orch. gǟsa 2. ◊ ТМС 1, 147, 178. If the original meaning is “to cut aslant” (cf. the Turkic parallels), cf. also Ud. gojom, Nan. Gojmo ‘crooked, aslant’ (ТМС 1, 158). PTurk. *Kɨj- 1 to cut aslant, make notches 2 to cut in small pieces (1 резать наискосок, делать зарубки 2 резать на мелкие кусочки): Karakh. qɨj- (MK) 1; Tur. kɨj- 2; Gag. qɨj- 2; Turkm. Gɨj- 1; MTurk. qɨj- (AH, Ettuhf.) 1; Uzb. qij- 1; Kirgh. qɨj- 1; KKalp. qɨj-; Nogh. qɨj- 1; Khak. xɨj- 1; Oyr. qɨj- 1; Tv. qɨj- 1; Chuv. xъjъ chip, sliver; Yak. kɨj- ‘walk around’. ◊ VEWT 261, ЭСТЯ 6, 197-200. Turk. *Kɨjgač > Kalm. kīɣəs (KW 234). The meaning of the Orkh. hapax qɨd- (see EDT 595) is quite insecure and cannot serve as a basis for reconstructing *Kɨd-; all other forms (including qɨj- ‘to cut aslant’ and qɨj-ma ‘cut meat’ in MK) point unambiguously to *Kɨj-, see ЭСТЯ 6, 200, 202-203. There exist also common Turkic derivatives *Kɨj-ɨr and *Kɨj-ɨk ‘oblique, bent’. PJpn. *ki notch (зарубка): OJpn. kji. ‖ Kalm. kāčə- (WMong. kijači-, KW 222) ‘to split (wood)’ is probably borrowed from the Turk. derivative *Kɨjgač- (although the latter now means basically ‘slant’, the original meaning was ‘cut aslant’). If the latter was the original meaning in PA, one could also compare Mong. *geji-, *geje- ‘slanting, oblique’ (otherwise see notes to *k῾úŋ(k)u). p. 544, entry *gijo*gijo notch, to cut aslant: Tung. *gia-; Turk. *Kɨj-; Jpn. *ki. PTung. *gia- 1 to plane, notch 2 chips, shavings (1 строгать, скоблить (кривым ножом) 2 стружки): Neg. gêsadan 2; Man. ǵa- 1 (cf. also geje- to carve); Ul. Gê- 1; Ork. Gê- 1; Nan. Gịa- 1; Orch. gǟsa 2. ◊ ТМС 1, 147, 178. If the original meaning is “to cut aslant” (cf. the Turkic parallels), cf. also Ud. gojom, Nan. Gojmo ‘crooked, aslant’ (ТМС 1, 158). PTurk. *Kɨj- 1 to cut aslant, make notches 2 to cut in small pieces (1 резать наискосок, делать зарубки 2 резать на мелкие кусочки): Karakh. qɨj- (MK) 1; Tur. kɨj- 2; Gag. qɨj- 2; Turkm. Gɨj- 1; MTurk. qɨj- (AH, Ettuhf.) 1; Uzb. qij- 1; Kirgh. qɨj- 1; KKalp. qɨj-; Nogh. qɨj- 1; Khak. xɨj- 1; Oyr. qɨj- 1; Tv. qɨj- 1; Chuv. xъjъ chip, sliver; Yak. kɨj- ‘walk around’. ◊ VEWT 261, ЭСТЯ 6, 197-200. Turk. *Kɨjgač > Kalm. kīɣəs (KW 234). The meaning of the Orkh. hapax qɨd- (see EDT 595) is quite insecure and cannot serve as a basis for reconstructing *Kɨd-; all other forms (including qɨj- ‘to cut aslant’ and qɨj-ma ‘cut meat’ in MK) point unambiguously to *Kɨj-, see ЭСТЯ 6, 200, 202-203. There exist also common Turkic derivatives *Kɨj-ɨr and *Kɨj-ɨk ‘oblique, bent’. PJpn. *ki notch (зарубка): OJpn. kji. ‖ Kalm. kāčə- (WMong. kijači-, KW 222) ‘to split (wood)’ is probably borrowed from the Turk. derivative *Kɨjgač- (although the latter now means basically ‘slant’, the original meaning was ‘cut aslant’). If the latter was the original meaning in PA, one could also compare Mong. *geji-, *geje- ‘slanting, oblique’ (otherwise see notes to *k῾əúŋ(k)u). -
Gerard Clauson (1972) An etimological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkishp. 595a–b, entry kıḏ- (?kı:ḏ-)p. 595a–bp. 595a–b, entry kıḏ- (?kı:ḏ-)
kıḏ- (?kı:ḏ-) as such Hap. leg., but the original form of kıy- which s.i.a.m.l.g. with a rather wide range of meanings. In view of the similar wide range of meanings below it is hard to determine the original meaning. Türkü viii (if one man offended) uğuşı: bodunı: béşükiŋe: tegi: kıḏmaz ermiş ‘they did not spare(?) his clan and people right down to (infants in) the cradle’ I S 6, II N 4: Xak. xi er sö:zin kıydı: xalafa’l-racul fi kalāmihi wa ʿidatihi ‘the man went back on his word and promise’; and one says ol yığa:ç kıydı: qataʿa’l-xaşab muhrifa(n) ‘he cut the piece of wood on the slant’ Kaş. III 246 (kıya:r, kıyma:k): KB (one kind of bad men is the liar) munıŋda basası sözüg kıyğanı ‘the next is the man who goes back on his word’ 338; (if he is bad-tempered and irritable or a drunkard) yā kıyğan elig ‘or dishonest’ (? i.e. withdrawing his hand from a promise?) 850; (an envoy is not to be blamed) sözin kıymasa ‘so long as he does not distort the message (entrusted to him)’ 3816; a.o. 2013 (umunç): Çağ. xv ff. kıy- (ba-işbāʿ-i kasra, presumably ‘with -ı- not -e-’) (1) rawā dāştan ‘to allow, approve, consent’; (2) rīz rīz wa şarħa şarħa kardan ‘to cut into small pieces or slices’ San. 299v. 6 (quotns.): Kip. xiv kıy- xiyāṭa xiyāṭa rūmiya ‘to do needlework in the Greek fashion’; (2) casara ʿalā şayʾ ‘to venture on something’ İd. 77: xv hāna ‘to become base or contemptible’ kıy- Tuh. 38a. 4. p. 595a–bkıd- (?kı:d-) as such Hap. leg., but the original form of kıy- which s.i.a.m.l.g. with a rather wide range of meanings. In view of the similar wide range of meanings below it is hard to determine the original meaning. Türkü viii (if one man offended) uğuşı: bodunı: béşükiŋe: tégi: kıdmaz ermiş ‘they did not spare(?) his clan and people right down to (infants in) the cradle’ I S 6, II N 4: Xak. xi er sö:zin kıydı: xalafa’l-racul fī kalāmihi wa ‘idatihi ‘the man went back on his word and promise’; and one says ol yığa:ç kıydı: qaṭa‘a’l-xaşab muḥrifa(n) ‘he cut the piece of wood on the slant’ Kaş. III 246 (kıya:r, kıyma:k): KB (one kind of bad men is the liar) munıŋda basası sözüğ kıyğanı ‘the next is the man who goes back on his word’ 338; (if he is bad-tempered and irritable or a drunkard) yā kıyğan elig ‘or dishonest’ (? i.e. withdrawing his hand from a promise?) 850; (an envoy is not to be blamed) sözin kıymasa ‘so long as he does not distort the message (entrusted to him)’ 3816; a.o. 2013 (umunç): Çağ. xv ff. kıy- (ba-işbā‘-i kasra, presumably ‘with -ı- not -é-’) (1) rawā dāştan ‘to allow, approve, consent’; (2) rīz rīz wa şarḥa şarḥa kardan ‘to cut into small pieces or slices’ San. 299v. 6 (quotns.): Kip. xiv kıy- xāṭa xiyāṭa rūmīya ‘to do needlework in the Greek fashion’; (2) casara ‘alā şay’ ‘to venture on something’ Id. 77: xv hāna ‘to become base or contemptible’ kıy- Tuh. 38a. 4. -
M Räsänen, I Kecskeméti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachenp. 261a, entry *kyδp. 261ap. 261a, entry *kyδ
*kyδ atü. kyδ ’sich an etwas in feindlichem Sinne machen, vernichten’, uig. kyδ ’angreifen’, osm. kyj ’in kleine Stücke zerhauen’, osm. kzk. kyj ’vernichten’, tel. kyj ’beschaden’, soj. χyδy ’истреблять, уничтожать’, jak. kyδyj ’скорей резать, рубить’ ~ mo. (KWb.) 244 kidu ’vertilgen, zerhauen, vernichten’ ~ ? finn. kitu- ~ kidu-ttaa ’peinigen’. p. 261a*kyδ atü. kyd ’sich an etwas in feindlichem Sinne machen, vernichten’, uig. kyd ’angreifen’, osm. kyj ’in kleine Stücke zerhauen’, osm. kzk. kyj ’vernichten’, tel. kyj ’beschaden’, soj. χydy ’истреблять, уничтожать’, jak. kydyj ’скорей резать, рубить’ ~ mo. (KWb.) 244 kidu ’vertilgen, zerhauen, vernichten’ ~ ? finn. kitu- ~ kidu-ttaa ’peinigen’
