𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰇
törü
Meaning:
customary law; traditional order; rule, custom
As a political concept, customary law is closely associated with the el “realm” and the χağan “ruler” who administers it. Buddhist and Manichaean usage extended the term to religious rules and observances. Kashgari defines it as custom and cites the proverb “A realm may be abandoned, but its customs are not.”
Examples
Translations
German:
Gewohnheitsrecht; überlieferte Ordnung; Regel, Brauch
Russian:
обычное право; традиционный порядок; правило, обычай
Turkish (Azerbaijan):
adət hüququ; ənənəvi nizam; qayda, adət
Turkish (Türkiye):
örf hukuku; geleneksel düzen; kural, töre
Bibliography 5
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Hendrik Boeschoten (2022) A dictionary of early middle Turkicp. 349b, s.v. töräp. 349b, s.v. törä
törä ‘customary law’ (as opposed to the Sharīʿa), ‘tradition’ (QT2, MAv, QA, NF, XŠ, CC,TZ,MG)dörä(MAv,AH—“codeof law and conduct”); törä oqša= ‘to foster customary law’ (CCa); törä tut= ‘to adhere to law’ (XŠ, CCa); Tutar erdi atasïnïñ töräsin ‘He adhered to his father’s law’ (XŠ); barča törädä ‘in general’ (CCa) | töräli ‘organizer, master of the customary law’ (TZ) | törälä= ‘to pass judgement’ (CCa) | dörälän= ‘to adhere to the customary law’ (MAv) -
Dr. Jens Wilkens (2021) Handwörterbuch des Altuigurischen | Eski Uygurcanın El Sözlüğüp. 739a–b, s.v. 1 töröp. 739a–b, s.v. 1 törö
1 törö (möglicherweise zu TochA/B tiri ~ teri) Sitte, Brauch, Moral, Usus || töre, örf, teamül, ahlak; Gesetz, Gewohnheitsrecht || yasa, kanun, kaide, örf âdet hukuku; Regierungsgewalt || iktidar; Anordnung, Befehl, Vorschrift (auch Äquivalent von Skt. sāmīci und dharma), Anweisung, Instruktion, Gebot (auch Äquivalent von Skt. nīti), Maxime || talimat, emir, kaide (Skt. sāmīci ve dharma’nın da eş değeri), genelge, kumanda (Skt. nīti’nin de eş değeri), düstur; Dharma || Dharma; Lehre || öğreti; (häretische) Lehre || (yanlış) öğreti; Möglichkeit || ihtimal, olasılık, imkân; (Pl.) Manieren, Etikette || (çoğul) görgü, görgü kuralları; Gewohnheit, Angewohnheit, Gepflogenheit, Tradition, Verhalten, Verhaltensweise, Disposition (auch Äquivalent von Skt. dharma) || alışkanlık, gelenek, davranış, yatkınlık (Skt. dharma’nın da eş değeri); Gebrauch || kullanılış; Regel (auch Äquivalent von Skt. vidhi) || kural (Skt. vidhi’nin de eş değeri); Gelübde (Skt. vrata) || adak (Skt. vrata); Feier, Feierlichkeit, Totenfeier || kutlama, tören, merasim, cenaze töreni; Zeremonie, Ritus, Pomp || tören, ayin, ritüel, ihtişam; Reich || krallık; Eigenschaft || özellik, nitelik; Daseinsgegebenheit (Skt. dharma), Sache, Ding, Tatsache, Erscheinung, Phänomen || varlık olgusu (Skt. dharma), şey, gerçek, görüngü, fenomen; Methode || usûl; Genus (auch Äquivalent von Skt. prakṛti) || cins (Skt. prakṛti’nin de eş değeri); Zeichen || işaret; (Wortbildung) Abstraktbildner || (kelime türetme) soyut biçim veren (s./bk. Mo. törö) törö bälgü Zeichen2 || işaret2 törö bitig Schrift (von der) Regierungsgewalt = Skt. rājaśāstra (Kapiteltitel) || iktidar gücü(nün) yazısı = Skt. rājaśāstra (bir bölümün başlığı) törö bitigdäkičä gemäß dem, wie es in der Schrift (von der) Regierungsgewalt heißt || iktidar gücü(nün) yazısındakine göre, iktidar gücü(nün) yazısındaki gibi törö bölöki Ritus-Abteilung || ritüel bölümü törö bölökintäki in der Ritus-Abteilung befindlich || ritüel bölümündeki törö čızıg Gesetz und Richtschnur, Anordnung2 || kanun ve düstur, yönerge2, emir2 törö kıltur- eine Totenfeier ausrichten lassen || bir cenaze töreni yaptırmak törö küni (c) der Tag des Gesetzes (scil. der Jüngste Tag) || kanun günü (yani, kıyamet günü) törö nom Gesetz2, Regierungsgewalt2, Dharma2 || yasa2, kanun2, iktidar2, Dharma2 törö toku Zeremonie2, Ritus2, Pomp2, Sitte2 || tören2, ayin2, ritüel2, ihtişam2, örf2 törö turgur- ein Gesetz erlassen || yasa koymak törö ur- Gesetz erlassen || yasa koymak törö üzgüči bäg Beg, der über Gesetze entscheidet || yasa kararını veren bey, yasa koyan bey törö üzükči bäg Beg, der über Gesetze entscheidet || yasa kararını veren bey törö yaŋ Sitte2, Gebrauch2, Vorschrift2 || örf2, âdet2, kullanılış2, kaide2 törö yasa Gesetz2 || kanun2 törö yolı der Weg des Gesetzes || kanun yolu -
Sergei Starostin, Anna Dybo, Oleg Mudrak (2003) Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languagespp. 1464–1465, s.v. *t῾ṓŕe (law, regulation; containing proposed törü formation)pp. 1464–1465, s.v. *t῾ṓŕe (law, regulation; containing proposed törü formation)
*t῾ṓŕe law, regulation: Tung. *turgun; Mong. *töre; Turk. *töŕ; Jpn. *tətə-nəp-. PTung. *turgun reason, cause (причина): Evk. turgun; Man. turgun; SMan. turuxun (2915); Jurch. tu-ru-wen-; Ul. turgu(n); Nan. turgũ. ◊ ТМС 2, 218-219. TM > Dag. turgun (Тод. Даг. 169). PMong. *töre order, regulation, matrimony, marriage (правило, закон, сватовство): MMong. tore (HY 49, SH); WMong. töre, (L 835) törü; Kh. tör; Bur. türe; Kalm. törə; Ord. törö; S.-Yugh. turo; Mongr. turō (SM 434). ◊ KW 407, MGCD 647. PTurk. *töŕ 1 foundation, root 2 origin, ancestors (1 корень 2 происхождение, основание, род, предки): OTurk. töz (OUygh.) 2; Karakh. töz (MK, KB) 2; MTurk. töz 1 (’root of the ear’ - Sangl.), 2 (Pav. C.); Tat. tüz 2 (dial.); Bashk. tüz 2 (dial.); Kirgh. töz, tös 2; Khak. tös ‘original spirits’, tös-te- ‘to lay ground’; Shr. tös 2, tös-tük ‘tree trunk’; Oyr. tös 2; ‘shrub; original spirits’; Tv. dös 1, 2, ‘shrub’; Tof. dös, tös 1; Chuv. türe ‘object of dedication; spirit’; Yak. törüt 2; Dolg. törüt. ◊ VEWT 495, TMN 2, 612, EDT 571, Лексика 109, Федотов 2, 264, Stachowski 228. PJpn. *tətə-nəp- to be arranged, in order (быть расположенным, в порядке): OJpn. toto-nop-; MJpn. tòtò-nòf-; Tok. totonó-; Kyo. tótónó-; Kag. totonó-. ◊ JLTT 771. The accent in Kagoshima is aberrant. ‖ Turk. *törü ‘law’ is probably an old derivative of *töŕ: *törgü, with an early disappearance of *-g-: cf. Hung. törvény < Old Chuv., pointing to *-g-. Mong. *töre may be < Turk. (see TMN 1, 266), though not necessarily so. -
Gerard Clauson (1972) An etimological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkishpp. 531b–532a, s.v. törü: (törö:)pp. 531b–532a, s.v. törü: (törö:)
törü: (törö:) ‘traditional, customary, unwritten law’; one of the basic political terms of the Turkish pagan period. It was closely associated with 1 é:l and xagan in the sense that it could not exist without a ‘realm’ as its sphere and a ‘ruler’ to administer it. It was adopted as a religious term both by Buddhist and Manichaean missionaries in the sense of ‘a rule’ subordinate to the prescriptions of the true doctrine or religious law, no:m, q.v. In Xak., where it was still common, it meant ‘custom, customary law’, as opposed to the religious law of Islam (al-şarî'a) and prob. also to the arbitrary decrees of rulers. It became an early l.-w. in Mong. as döre/töre. It is not clear whether the form töre current fr. the medieval period onwards, and still surviving in some NW languages including Kar. T., R III 1250, and SW Osm. is a direct survival of the old word or a reborrowing fr. Mong. and some confusion arises from the fact that it is homophonous with the word for ‘prince’ and the like in these and other languages, see tö:r. Certainly in Osm. its true origin was so far forgotten that in Sami 449 it is spelt tura and described as a l.-w. fr. Hebrew torah. See 1 toku:. Türkü viii törü: occurs about a dozen times, usually in association w. 1 é:l, e.g. (my ancestors the xağans took hold of the realm and) elig tutup törü:g etmiş ‘having taken control of the realm organized the (system of) traditional laws’ I E 3, II E 4; éli:n törü:si:n tuta: bermiş éti: bermiş I E 1, II E 3, etc.; o.o. by itself, (people who had abandoned their realm and xagan, become slaves and) türkü törü:sü:n ıçğınmış ‘given up the Türkü traditional laws’ I E 13; eçü:m apa:m törü:si:nçe: ‘according to the traditional laws of my ancestors (Hend.)’ I E 13, II E 12: viii ff. Man. nom törüg yadturmatın tıdtımız erser ‘if we have created obstacles by not preaching the doctrine and rules’ Chuas. 74-5; igid nomuğ törüg ‘false doctrine and rules’ 128; (then the king) ınça [ok ?] nom törü urtı ‘prescribed the doctrine and rules as follows’ TT II 10, 90-1—törü bar erti ‘there was a rule’ (prescribing that) Chuas. 210 (alkan-), 223 (e:t-), etc.: Uyğ. viii ff. Man. kertü törülerte katığlanu ‘striving in accordance with the true rules’ TT III 136: Bud. Sanskrit maṇḍanavidhau ‘in accordance with the rule for decorating’ étenmek yaratınmaklığ törösinde TT VIII D.8; törösi bolsa:r (p-) ‘if there is a rule for it’ do. C.9; (if a man believes) ters tetrü töröke ‘in false (Hend.) rules’ do. O.2 (TT VI 56-7); elig törüg ağı barım tutar ‘it is the treasury that maintains the realm and traditional laws’ PP 9, 1-2; bu yertinçü törüsi antağ ol ‘it is the natural law of this world’ (that lovers are separated) do. 78, 3-4; elig törüg bulğadımız erser ‘if we have disturbed the realm and its laws’ TT IV 10, 17; in TT VI and elsewhere törü often represents Sanskrit dharma which basically means ‘law, rule’ but has much wider connotations in Buddhist terminology; o.o. U II 10, 19-20; TT V 10, 114; Suv. 133, 15; 136, 18; TT X 500, etc.; törü toku TT VI 231, etc. (1 toku:): Civ. (joy and pleasure come to you) törülüg törü [tegdi ?] ‘equitable laws come to you’ (?) TT I 89; (in an adoption contract) el törüsi birle ‘in accordance with the law (or customs ?) of the country’ USp. 98, 3: Xak. xi törü: al-rasm ‘customs’, hence the proverb el kalır törü: kalma:s ‘a realm is abandoned, given up (yutrak), but customs are not’ Kaş. III 221 (prov. repeated II 25, 8); törü: al-rasm yaʿnī’l-inṣāf ‘customs, that is equity’ III 120, 23 (1 é:l; also II 18, 1): KB törü is very common, usually for ‘civil law’, sometimes more vaguely ‘law and order’, e.g. (the world has achieved peace) tüzüldi törü ‘the civil law has been put in order’; törü birle ‘by his laws’ (he has raised his fame on high) 103; (men of understanding have come to lay down) edgü törü ‘good laws’ 219; o.o. 252, 800, etc.; törü toku 2490, etc. (1 toku:); öŋdi törü 2111, etc. (öŋdi): xiii(?) Tef. töre ‘custom’ 310: Çağ. xv ff. töre ʿādat ve qānūn ‘custom, law’ Vel. 203 (quotn.); töre ... (3) rasm wa qānūn (one Turkish, one Pe. quotn.); (4) metaph., ‘the code of law (şarî'at) which Çiŋgiz Xan promulgated’ San. 173r. 14: Xwar. xiv töre ‘custom, customary law’ Qutb 184; (pay us annual tribute, be submissive, put enmity out of your hearts) öz töreŋiz tutuŋ ‘keep your own customary laws’ Nahc. 111, 17; a.o. 139, 9: Kom. xiv ‘custom; (Christian) law’ töre CCI, CCG; Gr. 251 (quotns.): Kip. xiv döre: al-şarî'a wa'l-uslüb ‘a code of law and conduct’ İd. 48: xv ʿāda töre Tuh. 25a. 1; 36a. 7 (tör); 90a. 4: Osm. xv to xviii töre (mis-spelt türe) ‘custom, law’, etc.; common TTS I 705; II 911; III 692; IV 769. -
M Räsänen, I Kecskeméti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachenp. 495a, s.v. törü (law)p. 495a, s.v. törü (law)
atü. uig. mtü. törü ’Gesetz, Verfassung, Regierung, Lehre’ (skr. dharma), KB. kom. čag. osm. törä ’Regel, Gesetz, Sitte’, kmk. töre ’Sitte’, kzk. törö ’die gerichtliche Entscheidung’, ’der kirg. Adlige, Sultan’, tel. törö ’Distriktverwalter’, KB. törü ’Regierungsgewalt’, kaz. türä ’Richter, Beamter’ (> čuv. türɛ; altbolg. > ung. BTLU 132 törvćny ’Gesetz’) = mo. (KWb. 407) törü, töre ’gesetzliche Ordnung, Obrigkeit’
