𐰚𐰢
kem, kim
Meaning:
who
Alternative spellings:
𐽷𐽶𐽹
Examples
Translations
German:
wer
Russian:
кто
Turkish (Azerbaijan):
kim
Turkish (Türkiye):
kim
Bibliography 4
-
Hendrik Boeschoten (2022) A dictionary of early middle Turkicp. 168a–b, kimp. 168a–b, kim
kim 1. ‘who’ (g.) | kimi …, kimi … ‘some …, others …’ (g.); Kimini qul kimin āzād qïldï ‘Some he made into slaves, others free men’ (XŠ). kim 2. [general conjunctive device] (g.); Buyurdï aña beg kim qïlsa fulān išni ‘The lord commanded him to do a certain thing’ (MAv); kim kim yansa ‘who turns back’ (QT₁); va-llāhi kim ‘by God!’ (QA). kim 3. [relative pronoun] (CCb); Anda tapgaysiz yañï ẖan toġurmïš kimni siz izdärsiz ‘There you will find the new-born king you are looking for’ (CCb); Ave kimniñ sözlämäki ärür kümüšniñ avazï ‘Hail (you) whose speech is the sound of silver!’ (CCb) | kim ärsä/kimärsä ‘someone, a person’ (g.) / kim ersä (QT₄, QA, GUL) / kimsä (QT₂, TZ) -
Dr. Jens Wilkens (2021) Handwörterbuch des Altuigurischen | Eski Uygurcanın El Sözlüğüp. 380b, ¹kimp. 380b, ¹kim
1kim wer, welcher, jemand, irgend jemand, irgend welcher || kim, herhangi biri, ne, hangisi; (Konj.) dass (auch Äquivalent von Skt. yad), da, so dass, wie, wenn || (bağlaç) ki (Skt. yad’ın da eş değeri), … -dığı için, öyle ki, … -dığında, … -dığı zaman, eğer
kim ärsär jemand, (mit Neg.) niemand || biri, kimse, (olumsuz) hiçbiri
kim birök wer nun, wenn jemand … || eğer birisi …
kim inčip wenn || eğer, şayet, … -dığında
kim kayu irgendein, wer auch immer, irgendjemand (auch Äquivalent von Skt. kaścit) || herhangi bir, her kim olursa olsun, herhangi bir kimse (Skt. kaścit’in da eş değeri)
kim kim wer alles || kim
kim kim mä (mit Neg.) niemand || (olumsuz) hiçbiri
kim kim mä ärsär (mit Neg.) niemand || (olumsuz) hiçbiri
kim yimä (mit Neg.) niemand || (olumsuz) hiçbiri -
Gerard Clauson (1972) An etimological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkishpp. 720b–721b, kimpp. 720b–721b, kim
kim properly only the Interrogative Pron. ‘who?’, parallel to ne: ‘what?’, but, unlike ne:, never used as an Interrog. Adj. The concept of Relative Prons. was entirely foreign to Turkish, in which Participles and the like are used where Indo-European languages use Relative Prons., but when the Turks became acquainted with such languages, and religious works in them began to be translated into Turkish, usually by persons whose native language was not Turkish, kim came to be used as a Relative Pron., and, hastened by the phonetic resemblance, in all the meanings of Pe. ki and other cognate Iranian words, including the Conjuction ‘that’. Gronbech’s Komanisches Wörterbuch devotes five pages to the various meanings of kim in Kom. xiv. No attempt has been made here to list all the medieval non-Turkish uses of the word. S.i.a.m.l.g.; in NE Alt., Küer., Leb., Tel. (R II 1202), and Khak. kem; Tuv. kım (sic), everywhere else kim. The NE form, together with the Türkü spelling k m, suggest that the word may originally have been kém. Türkü viii kemke: élig kazğanurmen ‘for whom am I gaining a realm?’ I E 9; éliŋin törö:ŋin kem artat(t)ı: ‘who destroyed your realm and customary law?’ I E 22, II E 19: viii ff. (if the tint of the stone is green) kem özünte: tutsar ‘whoever carries it on his person’ (cannot be endangered by poisonous insects) Toyok 27 (ETY II 59; a translation fr. Sogdian; in parallel passages tutsar is used without the kem): Man. yérig teŋrig kim yaratmış tépen biltimiz ‘we know who created earth and heaven’ Chuas. 167-8; in do. 127 kim seems to be ‘who’ but the text is corrupt; (thereafter the holy king’s thoughts weakened a little) ol tıltağın kim ınça eşidti ‘for the reason that he heard the following’ TT II 6, 31: Uyğ. viii ff. Man.-A ot kim ığaçda ünüp ‘the fire which arises from wood’ M I 7, 2; o.o. of Relative kim do. 8, 11; 15, 3; 16, 5; 17, 8 etc.: Man. kim Relative, ‘who, which’ Wind. 23, 33, etc.; Conjunction ‘that’ do. 18, 46: Bud. kim is rather rare as an Interrog. but common as a Relative Pron. and Conjunction: Civ. kim is not common; in H I it is only Relative, elsewhere usually Relative, esp. in the phr. ne kim, negü kim ‘whatever’ TT VII 28, 37-52: Xak. xi kim Interrogative Pron. (harf istifhām) meaning ‘who?’ (man); one says bu: kim ‘who is this?’ used both for the Sing. and the Plur. The Oğuz say bo:y ki:m (sic) mani’l-qabīla, ‘who are your tribe?’, it is a collective noun (ism cam‘) Kaş. I 338: about 20 o.o. equally divided between kim and ki:m; as a Nom. nearly always Interrog., but always Relative as an Acc. or Gen.: KB kim is common, usually Relative, less often Interrog.: xiii(?) At. kim is common in both uses; Tef. kim ‘who?; who; that’; kayu kim ‘whoever’; kaçan kim ‘when’, etc.; kimse ‘anyone’ 179-80: xiv Muh. manu’l-istifhām ‘who?’ ki:m; it also means allaḏī ‘who’ Mel. 16, 16; Rif. 94; a.o.o.: Çağ. xv ff. kim (1) a word which takes the place of ki as a Conjunction (dar rawābiṭ), i.e. ‘that’ (quotn.); (2) harf-i istifhām, that is çī kas/kī ‘who?’ San. 316r. 20: Oğuz xi Kaş. I 338 (see Xak.): Xwar. xiii kim ‘who?’; kimerse/kimse/kimesne ‘someone’; kimi . . . kimi ‘the one . . . the other’ ‘Ali 17: xiii(?) kim is common in Oğ.; usually in such phr. as dédi kim, kördi kim ‘he said, or saw, that’, occasionally as Relative: xiv kim ‘who; that’; kimi . . . kimi Qutb 98; ditto and kimse MN passim: Kom. xiv kim in a wide range of meanings CCI, CCG; Gr. 143-7 (many quotns.): Kıp. xiii kim is the Turkish word for manu’l-istifhām ‘who?’ Hou. 51, 9 ff. (examples given): xiv kim ‘who?’; kimse ‘someone’, also kimerse:/kimersene: Id. 84; man kim; kim also occurs in the meanings of anna ‘that’; ḥattā ‘(in order) that’, allaḏī ‘who’ and ka’anna ‘as if’ Bul. 15, 8: xv man kim Kav. 16, 8-16 etc.; anna ki/kim do. 28, 19; ḥarfu’l-maṣdar kim; this kim is also a Conditional Conjunction, an Interrogative and ḥarf maṣdarī meaning anna do. 72, 6; kim is common in the grammatical part of Tuh. 43a. 9 ff. as Interrogative, Relative, Conjunction, etc. -
M Räsänen, I Kecskeméti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachenp. 271a, kimp. 271a, kim
kim ’wer’, oir. usw. käm, čuv. kam MTS 40—1
