𐰴𐰞-

kāl-

Meaning:
to remain, to stay

kal- also functions as an auxiliary with converbs. With -u2 and -(ı)p4 it presents the final stage of a process; -ğalı2 + kal- can express that an action was about to occur but had not yet occurred.

The long-vowel reflexes in Turkmen, Khalaj and Sakha support an old long vowel.

In modern languages

Select a region to see the cognate.
Language Cognate
Turkmen gāl-
Turkish (Azerbaijan) qal-
Turkish (Türkiye) kal-
Salar gal-
Gagauz kal-
Crimean qal-
Uyghur qal-
Uzbek qol-
Kazakh qal-
Nogai qal-
Siberian Tatar qal-
Kyrgyz kal-
Altai kal-
Alan qal-
Kumyk qal-
Tatar qal-
Bashkir qal-
Tıva kal-
Khakas xal-
Sakha (Yakut, Dolgan) xaal-
Khalaj qāl-
Chuvash jul-

Examples

Irıq Bitig
4

Translations

German:
bleiben
Russian:
оставаться
Turkish (Azerbaijan):
qalmaq
Turkish (Türkiye):
kalmak

  • Hendrik Boeschoten (2022) A dictionary of early middle Turkic p. 233
    qal= 1. ‘to stay, remain’ (g.) / ẖal= (CCa); [+dat] ol żaʿīflarġa qalsun tep ‘so it will remain in the possession of these disabled people’ (QAa) / [+loc] ol żaʿīf čïġaylarda qalsun tep (QAt); Az qaldï ‘There is little time left’ (QA, QK); Ölmägä az qaldï ‘He almost died’ (QK) | qalġan ‘the rest’ (MuG) / ẖalġan (CCa) | qalïqlïq ‘negligence’ (MAv) | qalundu ‘rest, remainder’ (MAv) | qaldačï ‘lasting’ (QT1 ar. باقٍ) | köñül qalïġï ‘resentment’ (QA) | qalïn= ‘to remain’ (QT3); mäñgü qalïnmïšlar ‘people remaining forever’ (QT3 ar. مخلدون) | qalïnču ‘lasting’ (QT3) [CL 624a: ‘residue’]; qalïnčuraq ‘more lasting’ (QT3 ar. أبقى) | qaltur= 1. ‘to make stay’ (IMa) / qaldur= (IM) / qaldïr= (TZ). qal= 2. ‘to be left undone’ (QA) [tkm. ga:l=6 ‘to be left undone’ (TDS 137b)]; Anda keḏin oġlan öltürmäk qaldï ‘Thereafter no more children were killed’ (QA). qal= 3. [descr., continuative] /-yA/ qal=; baqa qal= ‘to keep looking’ (NF). qal= 4. [descr., resultative] /-(I)p/ qal=; Tañlašïp qaldï ẖalāʾïq ‘The people were greatly astonished’ (QA); alïp qal= ‘to arrest’ (QA); uyup qal= ‘to fall asleep’ (NF)
  • Dr. Jens Wilkens (2021) Handwörterbuch des Altuigurischen: Altuigurisch – Deutsch – Türkisch | Eski Uygurcanın El Sözlüğü: Eski Uygurca – Almanca – Türkçe p. 321
    kal- ~ k(a)l- bleiben, dableiben, übrigbleiben, aufhören zu existieren || kalmak, durmak, var olmayı bitirmek
    kal- unıtıl- aufhören zu existieren und vergessen werden || var olmayı bitirmek ve unutulmak
    kalmıš äski v(i)rhar verlassenes altes Kloster || terk edilmiş eski manastır
    kalmıš kutluglar die verbliebenen Heiligen || (bugüne kadar) kalan evliyalar
    kalmıš nomlar die überlieferten Lehren || (bugüne kadar) kalan öğretiler
  • Marcel Erdal (2004) A Grammar of Old Turkic pp. 253–254
    Similarly Qarakhanid olardïn kalu käldi ädgü törö (QB 269) ‘From them good laws have been passed down’. ünä käl- ‘to come forth’ in Höllen 102-3, on the other hand, shows käl- in its cislocative meaning. kal- is used as auxiliary with vowel and -(X)p converbs to express that the action described is the end stage of a process: amtï ärtip kalïr ärki sän (TT II,2 7) can perhaps be freely translated as ‘Now it looks like things will soon be over with you’. Similar in content we find IrqB 17: özlük at öŋ yerdä arïp oŋup turu kalmïš ‘A royal horse came to a stand-still in a desert, exhausted and wilting’. The DLT (fol.16) says that the sequence -gAlI kal- denotes “that the action was about to be performed but has not yet taken place” and gives the following examples: ol turgalï kaldï ‘He was about to stand up’; ol bargalï kaldï ‘He was about to go but had not yet gone’. This is an actional content; it is semantically comparable to the QB’s (and later) yaz-, which expresses the observation that somebody missed the carrying out of an intended act.
  • Gerard Clauson (1972) An etimological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish pp. 615b–616a
    kal- basically ‘to remain’; with some idiomatic meanings like ‘to be only, to continue to be; to stop, come to a halt; to remain behind, become obsolete’. C.i.a.p.a.l. Türkü viii (when my father died) özüm sekiz yaşda: kaltım ‘I was only eight years old’ II E 14; a.o. I E 30; Az bodun yağı: kaltı: ‘the Az people continued to be hostile’ I N 2; (may the country which our ancestors held) idisiz kalmazun ‘not remain without a master’ II E 16 (I E 19 bolmazun); o.o. I E 20, II E 17 etc.: viii ff. (a blood horse, exhausted in the desert) turu: kalmış ‘came to a halt’ IrkB 17; o.o. do. 9 (1 kat), 13 (yurt), etc.: Uyğ. viii tümen koñ kalmış ‘ten thousand sheep remained’ Şu. W 9; a.o.o.: viii ff. Man.-A anaŋ kalmış ağı baramı ‘the property (Hend.) which he left behind (when he died)’ M III 13, 6–7 (1): Man. TT III 46 (ulıncığ): Bud. (of the property (Hend.) in the treasury) azğına kaltı ‘only a little remained’ PP 7, 5–6; a.o. do. 30, 1 (negülük); (if a man without hands reaches an island of jewels) kuruğ kalır ‘he remains frustrated’ (because he cannot pick them up) TT V 26, 93; a.o.o.: Civ. (we have paid 100 of the 600 yastuks due) kalğan beş yüz yastuk çaw kaltı ‘the remaining 500 have remained unpaid’ USp. 12, 6; a.o.o.: O. Kir. ix ff. beş yaşımta: kaŋsı:z kalıp ‘I was left fatherless at the age of five’ Mal. 45, 2: Xak. xi er ke:din kaldı: ‘the man remained (baqiya) behind’; and one says ol oyunda: kaldı: ‘he gave up (taraka) in the game’; also used of anything that remains or gives up; (prov.) e:l kaldı: törü: kalma:s ‘the realm has ceased to exist (turikat), but the traditional law does not cease to exist’ Kaş. II 25 (kalı:r, kalma:k); about 30 o.o.: KB ajun kalmazunı siziŋsiz kuruğ ‘may the world not remain empty without you’ 108; (all that is born dies) kalır belgü söz ‘his words remain as a sign of him’ 180; olardın kalu keldi edgü törü ‘good traditional laws have remained from them and come to us’ 269; 3702–3 (1 a:r-); many o.o.: xiii(?) At. ajunda atı kalsu ‘may his name remain in this world’ 70; a.o.o.; Tef. kal- ‘to remain’ 196: xiv Muh. baqiya wa taxallafa (‘to stay behind’) ka:l- Mel. 24, 1; Rif. 105; al-baqā’ kalmak 34, 6; 119: Çağ. xv ff. kal- māndan ‘to remain’ San. 274v. 21 (quotns.): Xwar. xiii ditto ‘Ali 26: xiii(?) (when Oğuz Xan saw her) usı kalmadı ketti ‘he lost his senses’ 63; o.o. 254 etc.: xiv kal- ‘to remain’ Qutb 129; MN 37, etc.: Kom. xiv kal- ‘to remain; to stay behind; to come to an end’ CCI, CCG; Gr. 191 (quotn.): Kip. xiii baqiya mina’l-baqā’ wa ta’xīr kal- (‘with back -l-’; spelt kol-) Hou. 38, 6: xiv kal- ġabara (‘to remain, stay’) wa baqiya Id. 74; baqiya kal- Bul. 30r.: xv kal- baqiya wa ta’axxara Kav. 10, 5; baqiya kal- Tuh. 8b. 3; dāma (‘to continue’), baqiya, inqataʿa (‘to come to an end’), ta’axxara kal- do. 13a. 7: Osm. xiv to xvi kal-, in addition to its ordinary meanings, is noted as meaning ‘to be attached to (something Dat.)’ in several texts TTS I 407; II 568; III 399; IV 457.
  • M Räsänen, I Kecskeméti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen p. 224b
    *kāl: atü. uig. mtü. kal ‘bleiben’, trkm. kāl, jak. χāl, kom. osm. kzk. kaz. tel. usw. kal id., (oir.) ‘sterben’, čuv. jol, jul ‘bleiben’
    ~ mo. (KWb. 162) qalu ‘nahe kommen, anfallen’