𐱅𐰃𐰔
tīz
Meaning:
knee
The connection with tirsgäk “elbow” is disputed. Erdal discusses the proposed segmentation tirs-gäk - an ending characteristic for many other words for body parts.
The reconstruction *tīŕ and a z ~ rs alternation have been proposed; Doerfer objected to the connection, while Stachowski favoured an origin involving *tīrē- “support, lean”. These are competing hypotheses, not attested older words.Word family
In modern languages (16 / 22)
Select a region to see the cognate.
| Language | Cognate |
|---|---|
| Turkmen | dı̄z |
| Turkish (Azerbaijan) | diz |
| Turkish (Türkiye) | diz |
| Salar | tiz |
| Gagauz | diz |
| Crimean | tiz |
| Uyghur | tiz |
| Uzbek | tiz |
| Kazakh | The cognate has disappeared from this language. |
| Nogai | tiz |
| Siberian Tatar | tes (dialectal) |
| Kyrgyz | tiz (dialectal) |
| Altai | The cognate has disappeared from this language. |
| Alan | The cognate has disappeared from this language. |
| Kumyk | tiz |
| Tatar | tez |
| Bashkir | teź (dialectal) |
| Tıva | dis |
| Khakas | The cognate has disappeared from this language. |
| Sakha (Yakut, Dolgan) | The cognate has disappeared from this language. |
| Khalaj | tīz (dialectal) |
| Chuvash | čĕr This cognate is attested, but has fallen out of use in this language. |
Examples
Translations
German:
Knie
Russian:
колено
Turkish (Azerbaijan):
diz
Turkish (Türkiye):
diz
Bibliography 9
-
Hendrik Boeschoten (2022) A dictionary of early middle Turkicp. 340bp. 340b
tiz¹ ‘knee’ (g.) / diz (QT4, IM, CCb, DM, KD, QY) / ṭïz (KD) [tkm. dïz] tiz čanaqï ‘knee joint’ (MAn ar. رُكْبَة); tiz tonï ‘drawers’ (QA) / tiz ton (MAv); tiz/diz čök= ‘to kneel down’ (QA, CCb, QY); tiziñiz čöküñiz ‘kneel down!’ (CCb) | tizgi ‘knee’ (CCa) -
Dr. Jens Wilkens (2021) Handwörterbuch des Altuigurischen | Eski Uygurcanın El Sözlüğüp. 724ap. 724a
¹tiz Knie (auch Äquivalent von Skt. jānu) || diz (Skt. jānu’nun da eş değeri)
tiz kučup olur- mit untergeschlagenen Beinen sitzen || bağdaş kurulmuş bacaklarla oturmak, bağdaş kurup oturmak
tiz tilgäni Kniescheibe || diz kapağı
tiz yokaru belkät(ä)gi vom Knie aufwärts bis zur Hüfte || dizden yukarı kalçaya kadar
tizčä tiriŋ knietief || diz boyu
tizig čökit- die Knie beugen || dizleri bükmek -
Marek Stachowski (2013) Türkçe dirsek “dirsek”, Yakutça tühürges “diz” ve bağlantılı bazı sözcüklerp. 139, §4, concluding sentence
Bugün her iki anlamın karıştığı [4b]’den ziyade, [4a]’nın doğruluğunu kabul etmenin daha güvenilir olduğu görülüyor. -
Marcel Erdal (2004) A Grammar of Old Turkicpp. 84–85, §2.36pp. 84–85, §2.36
Sitting astride on the synchrony / diachrony distinction on the one hand and the word formation / morphology distinction on the other is an irregular and badly understood alternation between /r/ and /z/. In morphology we find /z/ in the suffix of the negated aorist, where the positive aorist has /r/: -r (a variant of the suffix appearing after vowels) vs. -mA-z. Other instances of the alternation fall more into the domain of etymology. The cases of +sXz, the privative suffix vs. the formative +sIrA- derived from it, sämiz ‘corpulent’ vs. sämri- ‘to be or become corpulent’, sekiz ‘sharp-witted’ vs. sekri- ‘to jump, hop’, sa:z ‘pale’ vs. sarïg ‘yellow’ (< *sa:rï-g) replacing it, yultuz ‘star’ vs. yultrï- ‘to gleam or shimmer’, Ottoman yaldïz vs. Old Turkic yaltrï- ‘to glimmer’, töz ‘root, origin, element’ vs. törö- ‘to come into existence’ and yavïz ‘bad’ vs. yavrï- ‘to be or become weak’ may all be explained by the fact that the /z/ appears at the end of its stem while /r/ is followed by a vowel; all these instances are discussed in the OTWF. One might want to decide that the /r/ is primary and the /z/ secondary by making the coda position responsible or one could see it the other way around, considering the /r/ to be caused by the presence of a vowel after it. Looking at äsiz ‘woe; alas’ vs. äsirkä- ‘to regret the loss of someone or something’, käz ‘notch’ vs. kärt- ‘to notch’, kïz ‘girl’ vs. kïrkïn ‘maidservant’ or közsüz ‘eyeless’ vs. kösürkän ‘mole’¹⁴² one would prefer the first explanation: In all these cases the /z/ is at the end of the stem while the /r/ is not, though there is a great variety in what follows the /r/. The final position of /z/ in küntüz ‘during daytime’ vs. /r/ in the composite suffixes +dXrtIn, +dXrAn and +dXrtI points in the same direction. There is a related alternation z ~ rs in tirsgäk ‘elbow’, presumably from tiz ‘knee’, and borsmok ‘badger’ and borslan (a jingle with arslan), both in the DLT, presumably from boz ‘grey, grey-brown’. Here, again, the /z/s are at the end of the stem while the /rs/s are inside theirs. The same explanation could be appropriate for köz ‘eye’ vs. kör- ‘to see’ and kutuz ‘raving dog etc.’ vs. kutur- ‘to rave’, taking into account the fact that verb stems appear much oftener with suffixes than nominal stems.¹⁴³ All this does not help us on a case like tägzin- ‘revolve, rotate, travel about’ (with derivates and /z/ cognates such as tägzinč, tägzim, tägzig etc.) vs. tägrä ‘surrounding’, tägriglä- ‘to assemble people around something’, tägirmi ‘around’, tägirmän ‘mill’, unless we are ready to make some bold etymological assumptions. The explanation could, however, very well apply to -mAz vs. -r, if we take the suffix to have originally had an additional vowel.¹⁴⁴ This vowel would have dropped in the negative form earlier than in the positive, as stress was on the syllable preceding -mA- in the first case but on the suffix in the second. When it dropped from the positive form as well, the °r# > °z# rule would no longer have been operative. Some of the mentioned connections may admittedly be spurious, but our account of the evidence has not aimed at exhaustiveness; there will in any case remain enough evidence for the alternation r ~ z which got so intertwined with the Altaic question.¹⁴⁵ The OTWF discusses a similar alternation between /l/ and /š/.¹⁴⁶
142 See the discussion in OTWF 88.
143 The stem of kör- might also possibly originally have been *körü-, seeing that the aorist of this verb is körür and not ‘körär’ (as would be expected from simple single-syllable verbs). arslan ‘lion’ could then be connected with az- ‘to rave’ if kaplan ‘leopard’ comes from kap- ‘to snatch’.
144 The aorist suffix has been connected with a Mongolic suffix which does have an additional vowel.
145 Common Turkic /z/ appears as /r/ in cognates in Chuvash-Bolgar and Mongolic.
146 The note to Ht VII 670 derives ötlüm from ötür-, appearing to assume an /l/ ~ /r/ alternation; but no such alternation is attested in Old Turkic. I would consider it more likely for ötlüm to be related indirectly, by coming from an –(X)l- derivate of the base. -
Sergei Starostin, Anna Dybo, Oleg Mudrak (2003) Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languagesp. 1447p. 1447
*t῾i̯ǖŕe leg; knee: Tung. *türē-kse; Mong. *türej; Turk. *dīŕ; Kor. *tàrí.
PTung. *türē-(kse) boot-top (голенище): Evk. tirēkse; Neg. tijekse; Man. ture; Ul. turekse; Ork. tureske; Nan. turekse; Orch. tijekse; Ud. tiehe.
◊ ТМС 2, 188.
PMong. *türej boot-top (голенище): WMong. türei, türüi (L 854); Kh. türij; Bur. türī; Kalm. türɛ̄; Ord. türī; Dag. turī (Тод. Даг. 169), tur; S.-Yugh. turē; Mongr. turī (SM 434), turē.
◊ KW 415, MGCD 660.
PTurk. *dīŕ (*dǖŕ) knee (колено): OTurk. tiz (Orkh.); Karakh. tizle- (MK) ‘to press with one’s knees’; Tur. diz; Gag. diś; Az. diz; Turkm. dɨ̄z; Sal. tüzy, tizy; Khal. tīz; MTurk. diz (Pav. C., MA); Uzb. tiz; Uygh. tiz; Krm. tɨz; Tat. tez; Bashk. teδ; Kirgh. tize; Kaz. tize; KBalk. tiz; KKalp. dize; Kum. tiz; Nogh. tiz; SUygh. dɨz; Khak. təzek; Shr. tize (R., Верб.); Oyr. tize; Tv. diskek; Tof. tiskek; Chuv. čər-puśśi; Yak. tühex.
◊ VEWT 482, EDT 570, ЭСТЯ 3, 336-337, Егоров 323, Лексика 284.
PKor. *tàrí leg (нога): MKor. tàrí; Mod. tari.
◊ Nam 129, KED 383.
‖ EAS 112, KW 415, Владимирцов 361, Poppe 112, Дыбо 6, Мудрак Дисс. 39, Лексика 286, Doerfer MT 69-70. Despite АПиПЯЯ 282, Mongolian and Tungus forms should be still considered as genetically related to PT *dɨ̄ŕ (*dīŕ), and the reconstruction must be changed accordingly. This is one of the few cases of secondary voicing in PT (before *ŕ, *r): the original voiceless reflex is preserved within the Common Turkic derivative *tir-sgek ‘elbow’ (Лексика 247-248) (= TM *türē-kse; the latter form, despite Rozycki 213, cannot be borrowed < Mong.). -
Talat Tekin (1995) Türk Dillerinde Birincil Uzun Ünlülerp. 106, list of Middle Turkic primary long vowelsp. 106, list of Middle Turkic primary long vowels
tīz “diz” (III, 123) -
Marcel Erdal (1991) Old Turkic Word Formationvol. I, p. 74, §2.34vol. I, p. 74, §2.34
An unproductive formation for metaphorically motivated names for parts of the body.⁹⁵ Most exs. for the lexemes in this formation can be found in the EDPT; a few additional ones are mentioned here: According to the n. to UigTot 430, tirs-gäk ‘elbow’ belongs to tiz ‘knee’; it is there compared to Hungarian térd ‘knee’, which would thus have been borrowed from some archaic Turkic language. Prof. Doerfer (personal communication) finds this connection unlikely.
95 äšgäk ‘donkey’ cannot be derived from eš ‘companion’, whose vowel is an /e/; it belongs to the -gAk formation, q.v. below. The only exception is kidiz+gäk kagun ‘a melon that has lost its freshness and has become like felt’ in DLT fol. 411. The last syllable has both fatḥa and alif. -
Gerard Clauson (1972) An etimological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkishp. 570bp. 570b
1 ti:z (d-) ‘knee’; s.i.a.m.l.g., usually as tiz/tis; SW Az., Osm. diz; Tkm. dı:z (sic). Türkü VIII ff. IrkB 60 (bedi:z): Uyğ. VIII ff. Bud. U II 47, 78 etc. (çökit-): Xak. XI ti:z al-rukba ‘knee’ Kaş. III 123: KB 712 (tuşa:-): XIII(?) Tef. tiz ‘knee’ 301: XIV Muh. al-rukba di:z Mel. 48, 5; Rif. 142 (in margin ti:z): Çağ. XV ff. tiz diz zānū ma‘nāsına ‘knee’ Vel. 188 (quotn.); tiz (‘with -i-’) zānū San. 194r. 19 (quotn.): Kom. XIV ‘knee’ tiz CCG; Gr.: Kıp. XIII al-rukba tiz Hou. 41, 6: XIV ditto İd. 38; diz al-rukba, also called tiz, but diz is commoner do. 48: XV al-rukba tiz Kav. 61, 7; Tuh. 16b. 8: Osm. XIV ff. diz ‘knee’; noted in several common phr. TTS I 213–14; II 309; III 201–2; IV 234. -
M Räsänen, I Kecskeméti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachenp. 482ap. 482a
*tīŕ: atü. uig. usw. tiz, sag. usw. tis, otü. usw. tizä, hak. tĭz-ek, sag. tĭzenek, kom. tiz-gi, osm. usw. diz ’Knie’, trkm. dīz, jak. tüsäχ, tüsürgäs, čuv. (Ašm. 15: 284) čər ’колено’, (Paas.) čər-, čə̑r-kuśśi
~ mo. (KWb. 415) tür-ei ’Stiefelschaft’, tung. gold. tūra-χsa id.
