𐰞𐰴-
alk-
Meaning:
to destroy; to finish
The proposed analysis of alk- “to exhaust, use up; to finish; to destroy” as al- “to take” with an intensive -k- is disputed: neither the semantic connection nor the suffixal function has been demonstrated. A wider comparison with Mongolian ala- “to kill” is also hypothetical.
As an auxiliary following a converb, alk- marks the completion of the preceding action.
Examples
Translations
German:
vernichten; beenden
Russian:
уничтожить; завершить
Turkish (Azerbaijan):
məhv etmək; bitirmək
Turkish (Türkiye):
yok etmek; bitirmek
Bibliography 6
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Hendrik Boeschoten (2022) A dictionary of early middle Turkicp. 26ap. 26a
alq=‘to destroy’ (IMa) | alqïn= 1. ‘to be exhausted, used up’ (QT1–3, QT5, KA, QAt) / alqan= (QT3) [HAU 30: alkïn= ‘to be used up, disappear; to be destroyed’; uzb. ålqindi ‘left-over of soap’]; Rasūl tartġan ämgäklärni ṣïfat qïlïb tükätmägäy, näčä tälim ʿibārat qïlsa, alqïnmaġay ‘No description of the hardships suffered by the Prophet can ever be complete; however lengthy in words, it would not fully render his ordeal’ (QAt). alqïn= 2. ‘to be destroyed’ (IMa) | alqïnčï ‘perishing’ (QT3 ar. فَانٍ) -
Dr. Jens Wilkens (2021) Handwörterbuch des Altuigurischen | Eski Uygurcanın El Sözlüğüp. 29bp. 29b
alk-vernichten, auslöschen || yok etmek, söndürmek; entfernen, zum Schwinden bringen, verschwinden lassen || gidermek, yok etmek, ortadan kaldırmak; töten, morden, ermorden || öldürmek, katletmek; beenden || bitirmek; Hilfsverb (mit einem vorangehendem Konverb auf -galı): vollständig tun, perfektivierende Funktion || yardımcı fiil (önde kullanılan -galı zarf-fiili ile birlikte): eksiksiz yapmak, bitirme veya intiha fonksiyonu
alk- tarkar- vernichten und entfernen, entfernen₂ || yok etmek ve gidermek, gidermek₂
alk- yok kıl- vernichten₂ || yok etmek₂
alk- yokad- † → alk- yokadtur-
alk- yokadtur- vernichten₂, töten₂ || yok etmek₂, öldürmek₂ -
Marcel Erdal (2004) A Grammar of Old Turkicp. 257, §3.251pp. 228–229, n. 408p. 257, §3.251
alk- ‘to destroy, do away with’ is, as an auxiliary, used with a meaning similar to tükät-; e.g. in sakïnč kïlu alksar (TT V A41) ‘when one is through with the meditation’ or sözläp nomlap alkmaguluk ulug buyan ädgü kïlïnč (Suv 671,17) ‘puṇya so great that one should not expect to be ever finished describing or preaching it’. Note that the first-mentioned instance uses the vowel converb, the second the one in -(X)p. In kïlïnč küčin kïra alkïp arïtïp ... nizvanï küčin kïduyu⁴⁴⁸ tükätip (ETŞ 13,109-110) the two actional verbs alk- and tükät- are used in parallel manner. Similarly in känt tägräki bodunug bukunug ölürgäli alkïp muna amtï balïk ičiŋä kirgäli turur (TT X 52) ‘He is now through with killing the population in the town’s suburbs and just about to enter inside the city’, which shows two auxilaries with -gAlI, one denoting completed action, the other action just about to start. Cf. also UW 95a, entry alk-, §3. pp. 228–229, n. 408Gabain 1974 § 160 (and already in the note to l. 1805 of her edition of parts of Ht VII) expressed the view that the meaning of this formative is ‘intensive’, mentioning the verbs alk- ‘to use up, destroy etc.’, ‘ök-’ ‘to think’ and könük- ‘to burn up’. The semantic relationship of the first with al- ‘to take’ is dubious, the second, quoted from U II 11,8, is a mistake for (y)ük- (*hük-) ‘to heap up’ (what here appears is the lexicalised noun ükmäk ‘heap’) and the third (from M I 17,12) should be a scribal error for the very common kün-ür- ‘to burn (tr.)’. OTWF 524-5 argues against the existence of Old Turkic suffixes consisting of vowels bearing ‘intensive’ meaning. -
Sergei Starostin, Anna Dybo, Oleg Mudrak (2003) Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languagespp. 290–291, s.v. *àlVpp. 290–291, s.v. *àlV
*àlVto destroy, kill: Tung. *āli-; Mong. *ala-; Turk. *Alk-.
PTung. *āli- 1 to crumble (of earth, snow) 2 to kill an animal (after a long hunt) (1 обваливаться (о почве, снеге) 2 убивать зверя (при облаве)): Neg. ālị-w- 1; Ud. ali- 2, alip- ‘to become spoiled (of meat)’ (Корм. 205, 206).
◊ TMC 1, 32.
PMong. *ala- to kill (убивать): MMong. ala- (SH 4), ala- (HYt), ala- (IM 432), alā- (MA 97).; WMong. ala- (L 26); Kh. ala-; Bur. ala-; Kalm. al-; Ord. ala-; Mog. olā-, āla-; ZM la- (24-10b); Dag. ala- (Тод. Даг. 119), ale (MD 112); Dong. ala- (Тод. Дн. 109); Bao. ale- (Тод. Бн. 133), alə- (MGCD); S.-Yugh. ala-; Mongr. ala- (SM 3).
◊ KW 7, MGCD 102.
PTurk. *Alk- to finish; destroy; (refl.) perish, be exhausted, come to an end (заканчивать, выполнять; уничтожать): OTurk. alq- (Orkh., OUygh.), alq-ɨn- (refl.) (OUygh.); Karakh. alq- (MK, IM), alq-ɨn- refl. (MK, IM), alqɨš- ‘to destroy each other’ (MK); Tur. alk- (dial.); alk-ɨš- (Old Osm.) ‘to destroy (many)’; Kirgh. alq-ɨn- ‘to weaken’ (Р I 390), ‘to rage’ (Юд. 51) (?); Kaz. alq-ɨn- ‘to get short of breath, chafe’ (?); KKalp. alq-ɨn- ‘to get short of breath’.
◊ EDT 135, 137, 138-139; VEWT 17. Reflexes in modern languages are not quite secure. The reflexive form alkɨn- ‘weaken’ (but note the difference in meanings in Radlov and in modern dictionaries) may be derived both from *alk- and from *alɨk- ‘to deteriorate, disintegrate’ (EDT 138), which belongs rather to *Al ‘silly, weak’, alɨɣ ‘bad, weak, wicked’ (in any case, cannot be morphologically identified with *alk-), thus modern languages may exhibit a contamination.
‖ A Western isogloss. -
Gerard Clauson (1972) An etimological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkishp. 135a–bp. 135a–b
alk-‘to use up, finish, come to the end of (something Acc.)’; hence sometimes ‘to destroy (something Acc.)’. v. G. ATG, para. 160 suggests that this is an Emphatic f. of al-, but this is unlikely since there is no real semantic connection and no evidence that the Emphatic Suff. was -k- as well as -lk-. Survives only (?) in SW xx Anat. alk- ‘to destroy’ SDD 97. Türkü viii kop alkdımız ‘we completed everything’ (the tomb chamber, its ornamentation, and the memorial stone) I NE: Uyğ. viii ff. Bud. Sanskrit tṛṣṇākṣayasukha ‘the pleasure of destroying lust’ a:zığ a:lkma:klığ (gap) TT VIII G.21; samkṣayāt ‘by complete destruction’ alkma:kin do. 23; burxan şazının alkip ‘destroying the Buddhist doctrine’ Hüen-ts. 315; o.o. Suv. 185, 21 (akığ); U III 66, 16; 88, 4—sakınç kılu alksar ‘when he has come to the end of meditating’ TT V 6, 41: Xak. xi ol tawa:rın alktı: afnā mālahu ‘he dissipated all his property (etc.)’ Kaş. III 419 (alka:r, alkma:k); alktı: meniŋ ya:yımı: afnā ṣayfī fi ’utla ‘he wasted my summer in idleness’ III 188, 22: KB osallık meni alktı ‘carelessness has ruined me’ 1209: xiv Muh.(?) ahlaka wa a’dama ‘to destroy’ alk- Rif. 107 (only). -
M Räsänen, I Kecskeméti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachenp. 17bp. 17b
alkuig. (Gab.) IM. alk ’beenden, aufhören mit’, mtü. alk ’verderben’; mtü. alyk ’sich verschlimmern’; uig. alkyn ’schwach werden’, kzk. kkir. alkyn ’schwanken’, ’ermüden’
< al ’nehmen’
