𐰴𐰢𐰍
kamag, kamug
Meaning:
all; commonality
Probably related to the Turkic–Mongolic word-family represented by Mongolic kamug “all” and kamu- “to gather, collect”, though the exact direction of the relationship is uncertain. Modern Turkic continuations include Turkish kamu “public; formerly all, general”, Azerbaijani hamı “all, everyone”, and North-Eastern Turkic forms such as Tuvan xamık “all”.
Alternative spellings:
𐰴𐰀𐰢𐰆𐰍
Synonyms:
Examples
Translations
German:
alle, alles; Gemeinsamkeit
Russian:
все, всё; общность
Turkish (Azerbaijan):
hamı, hər şey; ümumilik
Turkish (Türkiye):
bütün, hepsi; ortaklık
Bibliography 6
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Hendrik Boeschoten (2022) A dictionary of early middle Turkicpp. 234b–235a, qamuġpp. 234b–235a, qamuġ
qamuġ ‘all’ (g.) / qamaġ (ON) / qamuq (MN, MO, LN) / qamu (QT2, GUL, QY); qamuġlar ‘everybody’ (MAn); qamuġ birikip ‘all together’ (QT4); qamuġ näñ ‘everything’ (QT1); Badanïnuñ qamaġï ‘his entire body’ (ON); [+neg.] Ol qamuġ luġatlar bu yegirmi toqquz ḥarfdïn taš ermäs ‘None of those languages falls outside these twenty-nine letters’ (QA) -
Dr. Jens Wilkens (2021) Handwörterbuch des Altuigurischen | Eski Uygurcanın El Sözlüğüp. 327b, kamugp. 325a–b, kamagp. 327b, kamug
kamug ~ k(a)mug → kamag p. 325a–b, kamagkamag ~ kam(a)g ~ k(a)m(a)g alle, gesamt, alles || bütün, tüm, hepsi, her, her şey; Gemeinsamkeit || ortaklık, bütünlük
kamag birlä insgesamt || hepsi birden
kamag čogka yalınka ädgü ädrämkä tükällig Der mit jeglicher Majestät₂ und Tugend₂ ausgestattet ist (Skt. Sarvatejas = Buddhaname) || bütün ululuk₂ ve erdeme₂ sahip olan (Skt. Sarvatejas = bir Buda’nın adı)
kamag ogšatıg Gemeinsamkeit und Ähnlichkeit || ortaklık ve benzerlik
kamag özün (m) mit der ganzen Person (sündigen, nicht nur mit der Hand usw.) || (sadece el vb. ile değil) bütün vücutla (günah işlemek)
kamag törlüg alle, alle Art || bütün, her çeşit
kamag üdün die ganze Zeit || tüm zaman
kamag y(a)ruk uguš (m) der gesamte Lichtstamm || bütün ışık soyu
kamag yomkı alle₂ || bütün₂, tüm₂
kamagda ärklig mächtigste(r, -s) || en güçlüsü
kamagda tözün ,Edelster von allen‘ = n. pr. (ein Bodhisattva = Skt. Samantabhadra) || ,hepsinin en soylusu‘ = bir Bodhisattva’nın adı (= Skt. Samantabhadra)
kamagda yeg allerbeste(r, -s) || en iyi(si), en birinci
kamagdın sıŋar in allen Richtungen || her yöne, her yönden
kamagta baštınkı zuallererst, in höchstem Maße || her şeyden önce, büyük ölçüde
kamagta ulug bilgä bilig yegädmiš bilgä bilig Weisheit, die alle großen Weisheiten übertrifft (Buddhaname) || bütün büyük bilgiyi geçmiş bilgi (bir Buda’nın adı)
kamagta yeg tuymaklıg der mit der allerbesten Erleuchtung (Epitheton des Buddha) || en iyi aydınlanmalı (Buda’nın bir lakabı)
kamagta yeg tüzgärinčsiz tüzü köni tuymak burhan kutı die allerbeste, unergründliche, ganz wahre Erleuchtung, die Buddhaschaft || en iyi, anlaşılmaz, bütünüyle gerçek aydınlanma, Buda saadeti
kamagta yorıtačı überall vorhanden, überall vorkommend (Skt. sarvatraga) || her yerde mevcut olan, her yerde hazır bulunan, her yerde bulunan (Skt. sarvatraga)
kamagta yorıtačı tıltag überall vorhandene Ursache (Skt. sarvatragahetu) || her yerde mevcut olan sebep (Skt. sarvatragahetu)
kamıgta tözön (tib) → kamagda tözün
kamıgta yeg nom elig allerbester Sūtra-König (Werktitel) || en iyi Sūtra kralı (bir metnin başlığı)
kamugta adrok allerbeste(r, -s) || en iyi(si), en birinci
kamugta baštınkı → kamagta baštınkı
kamugta üstünki allerhöchste(r, -s) || en yüksek
kamugta yeg allerbeste(r, -s) || en iyi(si), en birinci -
Marcel Erdal (2004) A Grammar of Old Turkicpp. 225–226, paragraph beginning Words signifying all; notes 403–407pp. 225–226, paragraph beginning Words signifying all; notes 403–407
Words signifying ‘all’ are kamag / kamïg / kamug (this last attested in ManTürkFrag 161, SP 37 or ms. M 657 r1 and 3 quoted in the note to BT V 521),403 alku,404 yomkï and tolp (all three deverbal), tüzü, kop (a number of times in the different Orkhon inscriptions), barča, barï (both < bar, i.e. originally ‘as much as there is’ and ‘what there is’405) and yapa.406 Some of these get the collective suffix, as kamagu,407 yomkï+gu, tüzü+gü (Pothi 98 and 181) and alku+gu. köp, which is rather rare in Old Turkic, and üküš signify ‘many, much’. A number of these words and also +(A)gU forms at a quite early stage show +nI (and not +(X)g) as accusative suffix, in accordance with their pronominal content. amarï ‘a few, some’ (also ‘the others’) is documented in UW 116-117. It is used both as a noun phrase by itself (both as amarïlarï, when referring to a set which is part of a larger set mentioned before, and as amarï) and adnominally as part of a noun phrase. In TT X 39 we find amarïlarï (and not amarï) used adnominally, in amarïlarï tïnlïglar ... adïn ažunka bardïlar ‘Some creatures ... went to a different existence’.
403 Borrowed from Iranian and a cognate of Persian hama.
404 This and kop are definitely not postpositions, as stated by Gabain 1974: 135, 142.
405 DhāSū 24 has alku barča as binome. That barča should come from *bar-ïr+ča, as written in Gabain 1941: 59, is, I think, unlikely for semantic reasons.
406 Not in DTS or EDPT but used with this meaning eleven times in BT XIII 2, 5, 10, 21, 22, 27, 36, 50 and 54, sometimes in binomes with kamïg, tüzü, barča or yomkï.
407 This is not a ‘Nebenform’ of kamag, as A. v. Gabain wrote in the n. to TT IX 26, but haplologically simplified from *kamag+agu. The base is known to have been copied from Iranian; no Iranistic or Turcological justification for such a ‘Nebenform’ is known to me. -
Sergei Starostin, Anna Dybo, Oleg Mudrak (2003) Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languagespp. 639–640, *kàmapp. 639–640, *kàma
*kàma to unite, together: Tung. *kamur-; Mong. *kam-; Turk. *KAmug; Jpn. *kàmà-p-.
PTung. *kamur- together, gather (вместе, собирать): Ul. qamụr; Ork. qamụr; Nan. qamor.
◊ ТМС 1, 371. Modern forms like Evk. kamu- ‘to gather’ may be considered borrowed < Mong. (see Doerfer MT 111), but it is hardly possible for all forms, especially for those with an -r-suffix.
PMong. *kam- 1 together 2 to gather together (1 вместе 2 собирать): MMong. qamtu 1, qamux ‘all’ (SH, HYt); WMong. qamtu 1 (L 925), qamu- 2 (L 926); Kh. xamt 1; Bur. xamta 1, xamag ‘all’, xama- 2; Kalm. xamtə 1, xamə- 2; Ord. xamtu 1; Mog. qamtu (Ramstedt 1906); Dag. hamete 1 (MD 156); Dong. hantu 1; Bao. hamdə 1; S.-Yugh. χamtə 1, χambə- 2; Mongr. xamdi (SM 153), xamdə 1.
◊ KW 164, 165, 177, MGCD 322, 323, 324. Cf. also WMong. qamija ‘relation, concern’. Mong. > Yak. xomuj-, Dolg. komuj-, see Kał. JW 184, Stachowski 152.
PTurk. *KAmug all, together (все, вместе): OTurk. qamuɣ (OUygh.), qamaɣ (Orkh., OUygh.), qamɨɣ (OUygh.); Karakh. qamuɣ (MK, KB); Tur. kamu; MTurk. qamuɣ (Qutb., Буд.), qamuq (Abush.); Khak. xamɨx; Shr. qamɨq; Oyr. qamɨq; Tv. xamɨq.
◊ EDT 627, ЭСТЯ 5, 243-244. Modern forms like Kirgh., Kaz. qama- ‘to surround, besiege’, qamala- id., ‘to gather in a crowd’ etc. (see ЭСТЯ 5, 159) should be rather regarded as mongolisms.
PJpn. *kàmà-pa- to arrange, set up (устраивать): OJpn. kamapa-; MJpn. kàmàfa-; Tok. kamaé-; Kyo. kámáé-; Kag. kàmàè-.
◊ JLTT 703.
‖ KW 164, Владимирцов 391, Poppe 67-68, Цинциус 1984, 88. Mong. can hardly be explained as borrowed < Turk., despite Щербак 1997, 132, 165. -
Gerard Clauson (1972) An etimological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkishp. 627a, F kamağ (?xamağ)p. 627a, F kamağ (?xamağ)
F kamağ (?xamağ) ‘all’; an early l.-w. fr. Middle Persian hm’g (hamāg). The earliest indisputable evidence for initial k- is in the Man. Syriac script, the Runic and Uyğ. letters used might equally well represent x-, but there is no indisputable occurrence of x-. In the Man. Syriac and Uyğ. scripts the word is usually spelt in the Iranian form kmğ or kma:ğ; the form kamuğ with labial vowel attraction does, however, occur as early as Türkü viii ff. Survives as kamık/xamıx in several NE languages and kamu in SW Osm. Cf. barça: etc. Türkü viii kara: kamağ bodun ‘all the common people’ I E 8, II E 8; kamağı: yeti: yüz er bolmış ‘they became 700 men in all’ I E 12, II E 11; a.o. I E 18: viii ff. kamağ üze: yaruk boltı: ‘it became light over everything’ IrkB 26; kara: kamağ süsi: ‘his whole army’ do. 63; o.o. do. 53; Tun. IV 7 (ETY II 96); Toy. III 2r. 7-12 (II 179); kamu:ğ (sic) taşlarığ ‘of all the stones’ Toyok 12 (II 58): Man. kamağ yér üzekiniŋ ‘of everything on earth’ Chuas. 45; o.o. do. 194, etc.; TT II 6, 9 etc.; kamağağ alaŋadturur ‘he weakens all’ M III 11, 12 (i): Uyğ. ix kamağ (on fragments) III A11; B2 (ETY II 37-8): viii ff. Man. kamağ Wind. 6, 28; kamığ (sic) TT III 35, 114; kamığun ?Collective f. do. 61, 125; IX 66: Bud. kamağ and the ?Collective f. kamağun are common U II 65, 27; III 42, 13; PP 14, 8 etc.; TT IV 4, 16; 10, 28 etc.; V 24, 63; 26, 81: Civ. kamağ is common in TT I: xiv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘all’ kamağ Ligeti 161: Xak. xi kamuğ a Particle (harf) meaning al-kull ‘all’; hence one says kamuğ kişi: tü:z erme:s ‘all men are not equal’ Kaş. I 376; about 60 o.o.: KB kamuğ ‘all’ is very common, 4 etc.: xiii(?) At. kamuğ törlüğ işde ‘in all kinds of things’ 115; a.o.o.; Tef. kamuğ/kamu 196-7: Çağ. xv ff. kamuk kamusı cumlası ma‘nāsına ‘all of them’ Vel. 324; kamuk camī‘ ‘all’ San. 276v. 13 (quotns.): Xwar. xiii kamu ‘Ali 12: xiii(?) kamağ Oğ. 14: xiv kamuğ Qutb 130; Nahc. 260, 10; kamuk MN 43 etc.: Kip. xiv kamuğ al-camī‘ İd. 75: Osm. xiv ff. kamu ‘all, everyone’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 407; II 569; III 399; IV 457. -
M Räsänen, I Kecskeméti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachenp. 229b, *kamup. 229b, *kamu
*kamu: jak. χamuj, χomuj ’собирать’; KB. kamy-t ’Zusammenhalten’; atü. uig. kamu-γ, kamyγ, kamaγ ’alle’, mtü. čag. kamuγ, čag. kamuk, osm. kamu, oir. usw. kamyk, soj. χamyk (> mo. KWb. 164 qamu ’zusammenscharren’; qamu-γ ’alle’)
