𐰴𐰆𐰯

kop

Meaning:
all, everyone; completely

Tuncer Gülensoy connects Turkish hep with Old Turkic qop and köp. Other explanations derive it from Persian. The connection is disputed, and the two Old Turkic words must not simply be identified with each other.

In modern languages

Select a region to see the cognate.
Language Cognate
Turkmen The cognate has disappeared from this language.
Turkish (Azerbaijan) No cognate has been entered for this language yet.
Turkish (Türkiye) hep
Salar No cognate has been entered for this language yet.
Gagauz No cognate has been entered for this language yet.
Crimean No cognate has been entered for this language yet.
Uyghur The cognate has disappeared from this language.
Uzbek The cognate has disappeared from this language.
Kazakh No cognate has been entered for this language yet.
Nogai The cognate has disappeared from this language.
Siberian Tatar No cognate has been entered for this language yet.
Kyrgyz The cognate has disappeared from this language.
Altai The cognate has disappeared from this language.
Alan No cognate has been entered for this language yet.
Kumyk No cognate has been entered for this language yet.
Tatar No cognate has been entered for this language yet.
Bashkir No cognate has been entered for this language yet.
Tıva The cognate has disappeared from this language.
Khakas The cognate has disappeared from this language.
Sakha (Yakut, Dolgan) The cognate has disappeared from this language.
Khalaj No cognate has been entered for this language yet.
Chuvash No cognate has been entered for this language yet.

Examples

Irıq Bitig
2

Translations

German:
1. alles, alle; 2. ganz
Russian:
всё, все; весь; полностью
Turkish (Azerbaijan):
hər şey, hər kəs; tamamilə, tamamən
Turkish (Türkiye):
hep; tümüyle, tamamiyle

  • Dr. Jens Wilkens (2021) Handwörterbuch des Altuigurischen: Altuigurisch – Deutsch – Türkisch | Eski Uygurcanın El Sözlüğü: Eski Uygurca – Almanca – Türkçe p. 392b, entry ¹kop
    1kop alle, gesamt, sämtliche, viele || bütün, hep, çok; (adv.) ganz, vollständig || tamamen; Fülle || bolluk
    kop kamag alle₂ || bütün₂
    kop küsüšüg köŋül eyin kanturdačı der alle Wünsche nach Belieben erfüllt (Bez. eines Samādhi) || bütün arzuları istenilen miktarda yerine getiren (bir Samādhi’nin adı olarak)
    kop törlüg alle möglichen || her türlü
    kop törlüg ugrın in jederlei Hinsicht || her türlü bakımdan
    kop tükäl ganz vollkommen || tamamen mükemmel
    kop ugrın in jeder Hinsicht || her bakımdan
    kop ugurın särinmäk das Erdulden in jeglicher Hinsicht (scil. Skt. kṣāntipāramitā) || her türlü bakımdan tahammül (yani, Skt. kṣāntipāramitā)
    kopda yegädmiš Der alle übertrifft (Buddhaname) || hepsini aşmış (bir Buda’nın adı)
    kopı arıg ganz rein, in jeder Hinsicht rein || tertemiz, her bakımdan temiz
    kopı körklüg in jeder Hinsicht schön || her bakımdan güzel
    kopı tükäl allseits vollkommen || her taraftan kusursuz, her bakımdan mükemmel
    kopta kop zur Gänze, gänzlich || tamamen
    kopta kop ugrın in jeglicher Hinsicht || her bakımdan
  • Mehmet Fatih Kirişçioğlu (2015) Türkçede Fiilden İsim Yapma Eki -P p. 11, attributed Gülensoy definition in Hep <köp<kop discussion
    Gülensoy kelimeyi “hep (z.f.) “bütün olarak” < ET. kop, köp (DLT)” şeklinde ele almış (Gülensoy 2007: 408 ),
  • Marcel Erdal (2004) A Grammar of Old Turkic pp. 225–226, paragraph beginning Words signifying ‘all’
    Words signifying ‘all’ are kamag / kamïg / kamug (this last attested in ManTürkFrag 161, SP 37 or ms. M 657 r1 and 3 quoted in the note to BT V 521),403 alku,404 yomkï and tolp (all three deverbal), tüzü, kop (a number of times in the different Orkhon inscriptions), barča, barï (both < bar, i.e. originally ‘as much as there is’ and ‘what there is’405) and yapa.406 Some of these get the collective suffix, as kamagu,407 yomkï+gu, tüzü+gü (Pothi 98 and 181) and alku+gu. köp, which is rather rare in Old Turkic, and üküš signify ‘many, much’. A number of these words and also +(A)gU forms at a quite early stage show +nI (and not +(X)g) as accusative suffix, in accordance with their pronominal content. amarï ‘a few, some’ (also ‘the others’) is documented in UW 116-117. It is used both as a noun phrase by itself (both as amarïlarï, when referring to a set which is part of a larger set mentioned before, and as amarï) and adnominally as part of a noun phrase. In TT X 39 we find amarïlarï (and not amarï) used adnominally, in amarïlarï tïnlïglar ... adïn ažunka bardïlar ‘Some creatures ... went to a different existence’.
    403 Borrowed from Iranian and a cognate of Persian hama.
    404 This and kop are definitely not postpositions, as stated by Gabain 1974: 135, 142.
    405 DhāSū 24 has alku barča as binome. That barča should come from *bar-ïr+ča, as written in Gabain 1941: 59, is, I think, unlikely for semantic reasons.
    406 Not in DTS or EDPT but used with this meaning eleven times in BT XIII 2, 5, 10, 21, 22, 27, 36, 50 and 54, sometimes in binomes with kamïg, tüzü, barča or yomkï.
    407 This is not a ‘Nebenform’ of kamag, as A. v. Gabain wrote in the n. to TT IX 26, but haplologically simplified from *kamag+agu. The base is known to have been copied from Iranian; no Iranistic or Turcological justification for such a ‘Nebenform’ is known to me.
  • Sergei Starostin, Anna Dybo, Oleg Mudrak (2003) Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages vol. I, p. 724, entry *kŏp῾V
    *kŏp῾V all: Tung. *kupukte; Mong. *kow; Turk. *Kop.
    PTung. *kupu- 1 all 2 whole (1 весь 2 целый): Evk. kūkte 1; Neg. kepukte 1; Ul. kupte 2; Ork. kupukte 2; Nan. kupukte 2; Ud. kufula, kufule 2; Sol. xokkoǯi 2.
    ◊ ТМС 1, 426 (some forms listed should be qualified as mongolisms).
    PMong. *kow all (весь): WMong. qou; Kh. xū; Bur. xū; Kalm. xō; Dag. xō, xua (Тод. Даг. 176); Mongr. xū-la, xū-lo (SM 180).
    ◊ KW 191. Mong. > Sal. k῾ō ‘all, various’.
    PTurk. *Kop all (весь): OTurk. qop (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. qop (MK).
    ◊ VEWT 281, EDT 579.
    ‖ KW 191, Владимирцов 255, АПиПЯЯ 15, 27, 289, Дыбо 12. A Western isogloss (possible Kor.-Jpn. reflexes see under *k῾óp῾i).
  • Talat Tekin (2003) Orhon Türkçesi Grameri p. 248
    kop hep; tümüyle, tamamiyle
  • Gerard Clauson (1972) An etimological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish p. 579b
    kop when qualifying a V. connotes comprehensive action; when qualifying an Adj. means ‘thoroughly, completely’; when qualifying a N. means ‘all’; v. G. ATG, para. 302 suggests that this is a Ger. in -p fr. *ko:-, adducing in support the longer Ger. f. kopan read by Radloff in T 36, but neither photograph nor squeeze show any sign of the -an there; the theory is possible, but semantically unattractive. Not noted later than Kaş. Cf. barça:, köp, etc. Türkü VIII kop occurs about 20 times in I, II and T, e.g. (to the far east, west, south, and north) anda: içreki: bodun kop maŋa: körü:r [erti:] ‘within these limits the peoples all looked to me’ (i.e. obeyed me) I S 2, II N 2; ança: bodun kop étdim ‘all these people I thoroughly organized’ I S 2-3; tört buluŋ kop yağı: ermiş ‘the people of the four quarters were completely hostile’ I E 2, II E 3: VIII ff. (in the third year) kop esen tüke:l körü:şmiş ‘they all met one another safe and sound’ IrkB 15; o.o. do. 15, 29; (if a man wears this stone) kopka: utğay ‘he will be successful in everything’ (and whatever work he undertakes) kop[da:?] ışı: yorı:k bolğay ‘his work will be completely satisfactory’ Toy. 17-20 (ETY II 58): Man. (if we have said) edgüg anığağ kop teŋri yaratmış ol ‘got created good and evil, both of them’ Chuas. I 27-8; kop kanka bulğanmış ‘completely saturated with blood’: M I 6, 6: Uyğ. VIII ff. Man.-A kop yerde açığ emgek körtükin ‘having experienced grievous sufferings in all places’ M I 9, 5-6: Man. (may he protect us) kop adada tudada ‘in all dangers (Hend.)’ M III 36, 4 (iii); koptın sıŋar el uluşlarığ keztiŋiz ‘you have traversed realms and countries in every direction’ TT III 60: Bud. kop kamağ edgü bütmeki bolur ‘it is that all (Hend.) good things are achieved’ TT III, p. 30, note 131, 3; kop törlüg ağır tsuy ‘all kinds of grievous sins’ IV 12, 39; o.o. do. 14, 64; V 24, 51-4; VII 40, 96; VIII K.9; U III 29, 2-3 (i:d-); Suv. 92, 19-20: Civ. kop işiŋ ‘all your affairs’ TT I 148, 156: Xak. XI kop harf mubālağa wa ta’kīd ‘a particle giving emphasis’; hence one says oğul kop bedü:di: ‘the boy has grown a great deal (ğāyata(n)) bigger’, and kop edgü: ne:ŋ ‘an extremely (cidda(n)) good thing’ Kaş. I 319.
  • M Räsänen, I Kecskeméti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen p. 281a, entry atü. uig. kop
    atü. uig. kop ‘sämtliche, ganz, viel’, mtü. kop ‘viel, sehr’; uig. (Gab.) kopan ‘alle’
    < ko ‘setzen’ + Konv. -p, -pan (Gab. ATG 142—3)