𐰴𐱃-
kat-
Meaning:
to become firm, to harden, to thicken; solidify
Examples
Translations
German:
hart oder steif werden; erstarren, sich verfestigen
Russian:
твердеть, затвердевать, густеть; застывать
Turkish (Azerbaijan):
qatılaşmaq, bərkimək, sərtləşmək
Turkish (Türkiye):
katılaşmak, sertleşmek
Bibliography 6
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Hendrik Boeschoten (2022) A dictionary of early middle Turkicp.242a–b, qat=¹p.242a–b, qat=¹
qat=1 ‘to become strong/hard’ (QT3, IMa, KA, AH, MG) / qaṭ= (TZmrg); Qattï siki ‘His penis stiffened’ (MG) | qatïġ 1. ‘hard, firm, fierce’ (g.) / qatïq (KA, MN, LN, KT) / qatï (QT2–3, QT5, NF, XŠ, CC, MG, RH) / qaṭï (AH, TZ) / qatu (KD) / qattï (QT6, IMb, QT6, GUL, CCb, AH) / qattu (QT5, MAv) / qata (KD); qattï yaylu ‘having a stiff bow’ (AH); Rasūl ẖaṣmlïqï yawlaq qatïġ turur ‘The hostility of the Prophet is very harsh’ (QA); qatïġ qaḏġu ‘deep grief’ (QT4); qatïġ/qatï qïn ‘severe chastisement’ (QT1, QT4, MG); qatïġ yaġmur ‘heavy rain’ (QT4); qatï bašlu ‘obstinate’ (RH); qatïġ yüzlüg ‘impudent’ (MAn ar. وَقاح); qatïġ äs= ‘to blow strongly’ (QT4, KA); ṣabā sizgä qatïqraq essä nā-gāh ‘if the morning breeze blows too strongly for you’ (LN); qatïġ äsgän yel ‘a strong wind’ (KA); qatïġ baq= ‘to look sternly’ (KBK); qatïġ kel= ‘to be hard to swallow’ (QA); Bu söz Musa̱ġa yawlaq qatïġ keldi ‘Moses found these words hard to swallow’ (QA); qatïġ täpün= ‘to attack vehemently’ (QA) | qasqatï ‘very hard’ (BV) | qatïlap ‘strongly’ (CCa) | qatïġlïq 1. ‘might’ (QT1 ar. بَأْس, QT2). qatïġlïq 2. ‘harshness’ (QT4–5, MAv, KA, NF, XŠ) / qattïlïq (GUL); qatïġlïq qïl= ‘to treat with harshness’ (QT4, KA). qatïġlïq 3. ‘tribulation’ (QT1–3) / qatïqlïq (QT2); qatïġlïq! ‘Alas!, Woe!’ (QT1 ar. وَيْل) | qatïġla= ‘to fortify’ (ON); Baluqnï qatïġlaġu käräk turur ‘The city must be fortified’ (ON) | qatïġlan= 1. ‘to exert oneself’ (QT1–3, QT5, MAv, KA, QA, MM, NF, XŠ) / qaṭïqlan= (IMa) / qatulan= (CCb) / qatlan= (QT1–2, MAv, QA, XŠ). qatïġlan= 2. ‘to be firm and patient’ (QT4–5) / qatïlan= (NF, AH) / qatlan= (QT5, AH, QY) | qatïġlaš= 1. ‘to be harsh’ (MAv). qatïġlaš= 2. ‘to struggle against’ (QT3 ar. جَاهَد); Qatïġlaš kāfïrlar birlä ‘Struggle against the unbelievers’ (QT3) | qatlaštur= ‘to reinforce’ (QT2) | qaṭïl=1 ‘to become stronger/harder’ (AH, BM) | qatïr= ‘to harden’ [tr.] (MG); Qatïrdï sikini ‘He made his penis stiff’ (MG) | qatïġsï= ‘to be strong’ (wind) (QT2) qatï= ‘to harden’ [itr.] (TZmrg) [osm. qatï=; back-formation from qatïġ]. qatïġ 2. ‘fast’ (QT4, QA) / qatï (KBK); qatï ket= ‘to go fast’ (KBK); qatïġ qačġan ‘fleeing swiftly’ (QT4); qatïġ yöri= ‘to march fast’ (QA). qatïġ 3. ‘loud’ (QT4, QA, XŠ); qatïġ ün ‘a mighty shout’ (QT1); qatïġ ünün ‘in a loud voice’ (QA); qatïġ ün birlä ‘in a loud voice’ (QA); qatïġ ayt= ‘to speak loudly’ (QT4). qatïġ 4. ‘stingy, miserly’ (IM ar. شَحِيح, بَخِيل). qatïġ 5. [adv.] ‘very’ (QT4, QA, MM, ON); qatïġ isig ‘very hot’ (QT4); Qatïġ yaman urušġu boldï ‘It became a very harsh fight’ (ON); Qatïġ qorqarmän ‘I’m very much afraid’ (XŠ); Qatïġ suwsadï ‘He was very thirsty’ (QA) -
Dr. Jens Wilkens (2021) Handwörterbuch des Altuigurischen | Eski Uygurcanın El Sözlüğü343343
¹kat- steif werden, hart werden, sich verfestigen, erstarren, verdorren, (Zunge) belegt sein || sertleşmek, donmak, katılaşmak, (dil) tutulmak (s./bk. Mo. qata-) -
Международная Тюркская Академия (2016) Древнетюркский словарь459459QAT- I 1. становиться твердым, твердеть; jumšaq nẹŋ qattï нечто мягкое за твердело (МК II 295); qaju ajdï ötrüm ičürgü kẹräk / özi qatmïš ẹmdi bošutɣu kẹ räk некоторые говорят, что [правителю] надо дать выпить слабительное, / [потому что] его нутро затвердело [и] теперь нужно прослабить (QBK 442); 2. густеть (о жидкости): qïrtïšï sarɣarur qanï qatïp barïr кожа его желтеет, кровь его густеет (Uig I 3613); 3. неметь, сводить судоро гой: jaŋšaq ṭẹlim sajrap anï tamɣaq qatar если болтун много болтает, ему сводит горло (МК I 467); aɣïzï qurup tili tamɣaqï qaṭïp sav söẓläjü umatïn рот его пересох, язык его и горло онемели, и он не мог ничего говорить (Suv 62411).
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Sergei Starostin, Anna Dybo, Oleg Mudrak (2003) Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages785-786785-786
*k῾ét῾ò hard: Tung. *(x)etu-; Mong. *kata-; Turk. *Kạt; Jpn. *kátá-; Kor. *kùt-.
PTung. *(x)etu- strong, hard (сильный, тугой): Man. etu-xun; SMan. etəxun (2501).
◊ ТМС 2, 470 (the Manchu word is to be separated from *xete- ‘to win, overcome’). Attested only in Manchu, but having reliable external parallels. Man. > Dag. etgun, etxun (Тод. Даг. 140).
PMong. *kata- 1 hard 2 to become hard, dry up (1 твердый 2 черстветь, высыхать): MMong. qatau’u (HY 54), qataŋgin (SH), qata’u (MA) 1, qətəmər ‘dried (meat)’ (IM); WMong. qata- (L 943) 2, qataɣu 1; Kh. xat- 2, xatū 1; Bur. xatū 1; Kalm. xatū 1, xatə- 2 (КРС); Ord. Gatū 1; Mog. xata 1 (Weiers); Dag. katən (Тод. Даг. 148: katō, katū, 174: xata-); katen, katū (MD 182) 1; Dong. qɨdun, qɨtun 1; Bao. χotoŋ 1; S.-Yugh. Gadū 1; Mongr. xadoŋ (SM 147) 1, xadā- (SM 146) 2.
◊ TMN 1, 410, MGCD 336.
PTurk. *Kạt hard (твердый): OTurk. qatɨɣ (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. qatɨɣ (MK, KB, IM); Tur. kat (dial.); Az. Gatɨ; Turkm. Gat, Gatɨ; MTurk. qatɨɣ (MA); Uzb. qɔtiq; Uygh. qetiq; Tat. qatɨ; Bashk. qatɨ; Kirgh. qatū; Kaz. qattɨ; KKalp. qattɨ; Kum. qatɨ; Nogh. qat; Khak. xatɨɣ; Shr. qadɨɣ; Oyr. qatū; Tv. qa’dɨɣ; Chuv. xɨdъ; Yak. kɨtānax; Dolg. kɨtānak.
◊ EDT 597-598, VEWT 241, ЭСТЯ 5, 334-335, Stachowski 170. Yak. xat-, Dolg. kat- ‘to dry up’ (Stachowski 140) < Mong. qata- id. Khak. xatɨɣ also probably has -t- under Mong. influence.
PJpn. *kátá- hard (твердый): OJpn. kata-; MJpn. kátá-; Tok. kàta-; Kyo. kátà-; Kag. káta-.
◊ JLTT 831.
PKor. *kùt- hard (твердый): MKor. kùt-; Mod. kut-.
◊ Liu 88, KED 216.
‖ KW 172, Владимирцов 195, 318, SKE 132-133, Martin 233, TMN 1, 410, Lee 1958, 114, АПиПЯЯ 70. Mong. is hardly < Turk. (despite Щербак 1997, 137); Mong. > Man. qata- etc., see Doerfer MT 19, Rozycki 103. -
Gerard Clauson (1972) An etimological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish595595
2 kat- ‘to be hard, firm, tough’, and the like. S.i.s.m.l. in all groups; l.-w. in Mong. as kata- (Kow. 773), see Doerfer I 283. Uyğ. viii Şu. E 6 (birle:): Xak. xi (after 1 kat-) and one says yumşa:k ne:ŋ kattı: ‘the soft thing became hard’ (ṣaluba) Kaş. II 295 (kata:r, katma:k); tutğun bolup ol kata:r translated fa'l-ān ištadda ba'd raxāwa bihi ‘and now he suffers hardship after leading a comfortable life’ I 205, 6; tamğak kata:r translated ‘his jaw stiffens (yaštadd) owing to the dryness of his mouth’ I 467, 9: KB 1059 (boşut-): xiv Muh.(?) qawiya ‘to be strong, tough’ kat- Rif. 114 (only): Çağ. xv ff. kat- (-ip, etc.) katı ve saxt ol- ‘to be hard, tough’ Vel. 315 (quotns.); kat- saxt şudan San. 265v. 25 (quotns.): Kip. xiv kat- ištadda Id. 68. -
M Räsänen, I Kecskeméti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachenp.241bp.241b
uig. mtü. čag. usw. kat ‘fest werden, hart werden, gefrieren, trocknen’, (kaz.) ‘fest bleiben’, osm. (Mag.) kat ‘твердый’, jak. kyt, χat ‘hart werden’, blk. katy id.; atü. kat-y ‘hart’, AH. krč. blk. kat-y, kom. krč. kmk. kzk. katty, oir. tel. kattū, kady-γ, sag. koib. kč. kattyγ; kaz. tar. krm. katyr ‘hart machen’, jak. χat-ar ‘сушать’; kzk. kat-yr-ma ‘Kleister aus Mehl’; ? jak. kytyan ‘Wacholder’ < *katy-γan (vgl. UAW 27–8); jak. χatan, χataŋ ‘твердый’
~ mo. (Poppe 95) qata ‘austrocknen’
